8 Week Forum Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

8 Week Forum - Assignment ExampleIn many societies, puerile pregnancy is a affable problem. Most girls drop out of school due to pregnancies. Research shows that everyplace 45% of teenagers in grade 9 to 12 engage in sex. Teen pregnancies are associated with minuscule birth weight, premature labour and anaemia among other complications. In some societies, teenage pregnancy results to social stigma. Teenage girls get pregnant due to lack of knowledge about contraceptives and other safety measures. provoke instruction turns young people into sexually knowledgeable and responsible individuals (Stevens).STDs are illnesses, which are contracted through with(predicate) sexual activities. They can be contracted through oral sex, anal sex, and vaginal intercourse. In the USA, all over 15 million cases are reported annually. Most teenagers are vulnerable to STDs due to lack of information. whatever of the common STDs include herpes, syphilis, scabies, gonorrhoea, hepatitis B, HIV, an d Chlamydia among others. These diseases can lead to an ectopic pregnancy and death if left untreated. Sex education is more likely to reduce the cases of STDs among young adults and teenagers. Research shows that societies with extensive sex education tend to tape low cases of STDs among the young people. In sex education, teenagers are taught about dangerous of engaging in naked sex and other unsafe sexual practices. Teenagers need to access sex education in night club to make healthy, loving, and intelligent decisions in their lives (Cotney).The excerpt above is one of my greatest accomplishments in class. This is because I managed to hold back all the skills I have learnt in class in writing an essay. First, in the first paragraph, I managed to focus on introducing my topics. This played a significant role in capturing the attention of the reader as well as stating the issue to be addressed in the body of the essay. Moreover, I managed to highlight the issues raised(a) by d issenting voices on the topic. On

A letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A letter - Essay ExampleI have put up with it, but now, I am fin every(prenominal)y torn apart for creation in japan and working in AirAsia Narita.For such mental stress, I am feeling sorry for my own decision to go back to Japan, and I can non cope with my current workplace (AirAsia Japan). Some season ago, I took a leave of absence as I suffered from severe headache that I a great deal missed work. It is painful for me to work in AirAsia Japan. After that, I saw a doctor several(prenominal) times and the symptoms disappeared after an adequate rest however, the doctor said that it is physical and mental anxiety that is touching me. He said that it is all right for me to bring round to work, but it is necessary to distance myself from my mother and return to AirAsia X in order to work in mentally stable conditions.As soon as I heard that my mother was mentally ill, I just lost it and decided to transfer to AirAsia Japan for her. However, the consequence was not desirable as I me ntioned. Even my doctor recommended returning to AirAsia X. It would definitely be a pleasure for me to return, but I am very sorry for asking this favor for I, myself asked you to consecrate me to Japan in the past.I do realize how selfish it is for me to request to be transferred back to AirAsia X since I do not know if my previous visa and working permit are nonoperational valid, but with your permission. I really hope to return to AirAsia X again as per doctors recommendation.If you provide me with a chance to work for AirAsia X again, I am willing to shoulder all the costs for the transfer (travel expense, etc.). Furthermore, I would like to assure you that any circumstances such as this would not happen again because my father can constantly be with my mother

Principle of marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Principle of marketing - Essay Exampleafter its merger with Alliance Unichem in July 2006 the company seeks to become the worlds leading pharmacy-led wellness and beauty group. The alliance aspires to weaken its core businesses of retail pharmacy and wholesale across the world and become a significant player in many major international markets. With more(prenominal) than 1500 retail outlets of Boots alone the Alliance Boots has now more than 3000 retail outlets, besides a good presence on the net. The combined skills, strengths and brands of Alliance Boots makes it Europes leading pharmacy-led health and beauty group. This is a Market-leader in own brand products.Superdrug, on the other hand is UKs fashion conscious beauty and health retailer. Today it is the second-largest beauty and health retailer with over 740 stores in England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland. Superdrug shortly has 226 in-store pharmacies. During the last two year the company has made good investment in est ablishing itself as a brand in UK. Superdrug recently took up a 10 month campaign for reducing the tub on condoms and came out successfully when the UK government reduced the VAT from 17.5% to 5%. Now the company has interpreted up the issue of slashing the VAT on kids sun care products and for reclassifying the sun-care cream as an subjective health care product instead of a luxury beauty item.

Portfolio of two banks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Portfolio of devil coasts - Essay ExampleThe vision of the company is to provide its customers innovative products and services. The charge of Mashreq Bank is expanding as its performance is among the highest ranking brinks in the UAE.The bank is renowned all across UAE and turn out of every two households one individual has an account in Mashreq Bank. The company has identified the importance of customer satisfaction and creating place therefore there is a number of Service Centers and also one of the largest machine-driven Teller Machine (ATM) network all over the country. The bank is also on the verge of globalization and has twelve offices overseas (including Europe, United States, Asia and Africa).Mashreq Bank is one of the most profitable banks in UAE. It started successfully from the origin stratum of inception and the financial growth is strong during the last decades. The bank has witnessed its market share rising, a solid equity base, the asset base keeps on grow ing and the returns gathered from the Assets increments. These are the competitive advantages the bank posses and also these characteristics are the bases of the strong Financial Position of the Bank.The Emirates National Bank of Dubai was formed in the year 2007. It was a merger between the second and the fourth largest banks of United Arab Emirates. The biggest advantage to the bank is that it gained the name of the two most renowned banks of the region. The reason of the merger was to become a giant and provide enhanced value in corporate, retail, private, Islamic services and the investment banking across the region. ENBD is the leading group in the market (Dubai) the bank celebrated its 50th anniversary. The vision of the bank is to achieve global recognition and to provide the most legal and efficient Financial Services all over the globe. The bank has 215 branches and the ATM and cash deposit machines fitted across the region and overseas are 889. The bank is promoting its I slamic

The Vitality of Personal Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Vitality of own(prenominal) Planning - Essay ExampleAccording to researchers and thinkers, planning is a vital element in an various(prenominal)s livelihood. If one establishes goals and develops a desire to attain them without proper and efficient planning, he or she would non be able to achieve them. As per my own experience, I entertain witnessed that planning is undoubtedly a strong factor in making things right and leading them in the right direction. It helps me grow more in e rattling field of life, and whenever I am unplanned and do not realise a proper strategy for a accredited task, either at college or cypher, I sometimes fail, or even if I am able to do it, then it is not as powerful as I would have done it with proper planning and scheme(Ferzoco). The signifi pukece and vitality of planning have been discussed by many writers, authors, and other intellectuals and philosophers. In the article In Praise of the Urban Sandbox, which was published in April 2011 in the Magazine of the American Planning Association, the importance of planning in context with video games and digital gaming has been emphasized. Jeff Ferzoco, the writer of the article, has discussed planning in a brief manner, which is at the same time interest to read(Ferzoco). The main emphasis of Ferzoco in the article revolves around the idea that planning can lift the standards and can turn the directions of certain things from negative to positive. By giving examples of games, he has stressed on the fact that games argon not a bad medium which just consumes hours of people and keeps them busy for no good. In fact, games have turned out as a good medium for people and encourage them to rethink towards certain aspects of life. They teach them by getting them involved in real-life situations while they are in games(Ferzoco). I have learned a lot and games such(prenominal) as cities in motion and Cityville which has changed my concept and perspective completely. It is very we ll said that games, particularly computer games cannot be considered just as games, in fact, they are effective learning medium. However, it has all been made mathematical with proper and effective planning of game designers and planners. While I am playing games, I become curious and possessive regarding many things and want to make them work in a correct and appropriate manner. For example, if I see a long line of in a bad way(p) people waiting at a bus station in my city, I will set about to divert that crowd to other station or will allocate another bus for them on an immediate basis so that they get to their destinations on time. Similarly, if I witness a decrease in economic and financial sources in my city, I will set up new industries and buildings so that it raises the economy. However, this seems possible only in games and is better said than done but at least it gives me an idea of how to swindle situations and what actually is going on. The game planners design games so efficiently that they almost portray real life situations and issues(Ferzoco). Ferzoco has also given different examples from different games in the article those games which have made people learn, such as Farmville, CityVille on Facebook by Zynga, Sincity, and many others role-playing games.

Environmental Planning Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environmental Planning - Coursework ExampleDifficulties in the enforcement of preparation conditions due to lack of resourceful expertise.The federal government sets policies for environmental plan that help to mitigate climate adaptation and ecological development strategies within policies set by the government. The local government working hand in hand with the race regarding social issues affecting them as to enable them develop strategies for planning (Rydin & Pennington, 2000). The U.S government has ensured that the necessary tools for planning are available to enhance the smooth flow of this process, such(prenominal) tools take on centralized databases and providing an excellent coverage of environmental knowledge. The government has set up policies that favor the environmental planning process such as discouraging industrial pollution.Politics does not closely handle environmental problems on long margin basis as they look at only the short term effects associated wit h social and economic influence as per their election term. Should an environmental problem arise such as floods that need immediate attention, the government policies to handle it are difficult to come by and so delaying the strategic decision process (Meadowcroft, 2002). The environment is a source of income and ecological factors affecting it affect incomes of the people and the fiscal plan of the government. Environmental planning has an effect on economic activity through things such as infrastructure that play a major role in production (Muthoo,

Technological Changes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technological Changes - Essay ExampleIn the next ten years, the impact of the mesh engine room is expected to influence companies especially in developing and emerging economies where its benefits still remains unharnessed. The internet technology is projected to facilitate much and more(prenominal) transactions online among business parties and even individual consumers (Kotler and Armstrong 2002). The snail chain mail leave alone be eliminated and be replaced by electronic mails as more efficient means of communication. much purchases transaction between retailers and buyers will also be observed.Because of these improvements in the market which is facilitated by the increasing internet literacy, D Package Express will be handling less mails or smaller packages containing mails to customers and business. However, with more global purchases facilitated by the internet technology, mail packaging and supplies will be used in companionship to ship packages globally. As custome rs constantly seek products through online transaction, they connect with more suppliers which can provide them with more valuable products. As emerging countries will also shop online, D Package Express will also be given the chance to expand its horizons with the possibility of opening up new outlets in these locations in the future.

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Project Management - Essay ExampleIt cannot it should not be understood the project manager is somehow the be all and end-all of mitigating all problems however, with regards to the firm or entity in question, they do not have purview over the ungenerouss by which government bureaucracy or other aspects of the international or regional economy function. Ultimately, they be only capable of directing indoors their own scope and utilizing their own people as a means of effecting noticeable positive shift with respect to the overruns which are to be discussed. It is hypothesized by this detective that adequate project counsel within the unite Arab Emirates with regards to construction projects has a noticeable effect on the means by which time and be overruns are realized. Of course the difficulty with regards to this particular research is level and extent to which corresponding research questions can effectively be engaged and answered as a means of drawing inference upon the preceding analysis. As a function of this, the following research questions go away be asked What percentage of project managers have prior perplex in excess of five years What percentage of project managers exhibit specialized project management training beyond mere higher education What percentage of firms operating within the United Arab Emirates employ the mastic project managers in order to affect time than monetary constraints To what level to project managers in a given firm integrate with one another within the course of their duties? To shareholders within these companies remember favorably or not favorably with regards to project management Naturally, this information will not right away available and must require a questionnaire and/or survey in which affect. Moreover, the research objective be to determine the level to which project management integrates with and positively and/or negatively affects the rate at which cost and time overruns are experienced within con struction projects within the United Arab Emirates. Is the hope of this author that with such an analysis, United Arab Emirates construction industry may experience an increase level of efficiency callable to being able to understand the best means of utilization that project management can provide. Similarly, with regards the general feasibility of the study, it must be understood that this it is only constrained by the level and extent to which the researcher is able to go in order to gain the necessary feedback and input from the stakeholders within the process. If the study is performed to a sufficiently small number of firms and/or stakeholders, the level to which inference can be drawn will necessarily be reduced due to the fact that the results will not be able to molt light upon a broad range of issues and will otherwise really focus upon the means by which if you entities without for sponsoring to the survey/questionnaire. Conversely expanding the survey/questionnaire t o include a very large number of respondents will mean that the researcher will spend the majority of time gathering tabulating information without having enough time to sufficiently extrapolate based upon the inputs that are thus far been received. Accordingly, it is the

Finance International Expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Finance International Expansion - examine ExampleMajor differences exist in the economic, political, socio-cultural, technology, competitive and financial environments of different countries. These need to be interpreted into account in planning the overseas expansion.Expansion decision has to be made after straitlaced consideration of all strategic and operational issues arising from within world(prenominal) milleu. Decisions need to be made concerning a wider range of both Strategic and Operational Issues.Key Strategic Issues that need to be addressed allow assessing our high societys readiness to externalise which includes the suitability of your point of intersection or service for overseas markets and the extent of local variant required choosing the most attractive foreign market(s) and the best entry strategy to adopt international pricing, dispersion and promotion strategies organising and controlling our overseas activities.Operational issues include export paperwork and documentation legal and financial issues determination and managing overseas partners and so on and are ultimately transferrable into financial and legal consultancy fees and travel expenses.Whether the company intend operating through agents/distributors or establish its own overseas sales subsidiary, the burden of control-related activities and cost is heavier than at home making it much more difficult to monitor and control overseas activities. at that place are significant financial risks associated with doing business afield, including the risk of higher indebtness, risk of not getting stipendiary at all and currency fluctuations-related risks. Further, when going international we will need to be sensitive and sympathetic to the local political and cultural environments of different countries. That entails higher management and consultancy costs and will unltimately produce to elevated of cross-cultural and political analysis to the level of decision making tool. Th e competitive environment may be quite different from what we are used to at home. In whole, as a consequence of the above, international marketing is more costly and time consuming than domestic marketing and you will need to incorporate a long-term view to achieve sustained profitability. The Barriers US Computer Systems companies, especially medium surface enterprises, face a number of barriers or obstacles when going international. These may include Psychological Barriers including omit of international/global orientation short-termism product or technology rather than customer led mindset lack of commitment to international markets exporting seen as too risky, not for us or too much trouble the fear factor.Organisational Barriers including limited resources (financial and managerial) lack of knowledge of foreign markets lack of international experience lack of formal training in international marketing problems in finding suitable overseas partners ability to compete away fr om home.Operational Barriers relating to export documentation and paperwork language problems allowance delays and risks etc.Product/Market Barriers in the sense of overseas market demand particularities, i.e. that product or service may not be suitable for overseas markets without major and costly adaptation the product or service may not have a unique competitive advantage abroad further, problems in

Languages and Evolution Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Languages and Evolution - Research Proposal ExampleA report in the telegraph by Hayley Dixon could perhaps contextualize what I want to achieve. The report stated the widely recognized rationale that valets especially children learn current words based from what they hear others use them in conversations. Dixon revealed that experts are now thinking the capability to learn spoken communication and acquire new vocabulary may be severely hampered as children increasingly learn through devices such as Ipads. Would children exposed to these technological devices build new vocabularies by imitating sounds from them?I intend to reinforcement my position in this mini-research through several arguments. First, I would like to explain and establish the role of vocal imitation in human language development as well as its genetic and biological explanations. Why is this crucial in the origin of our language? I hope to draw a parallel between this area and a potential of stalk language change in the future through vocal imitation.I testament also support my argument with an analysis of new vocabularies based on vocal imitations. For example, there are the cases of untz, wub and beep. These are new words derived from the human imitation of sounds. For further support, I could also discuss in this context the relative incidence of mesofact or the way meaning changes for words over timeFinally, I would like to devote an significant part of my work to the links between vocal imitation, adaptation, human sociality and their role in the future of human language. I would like to confine this within a discourse using technology as a control point. The technology variable is accepted to be increasingly eroding our oral traditions, specifically the loss of knowledge with the now limited opportunity to hear wide range of words (Hayley). I will answer how - with our new-found incapability to hear and learn new words - could vocal imitation fill the snap

Springer's Article on African American Women Essay

Springers Article on African American Women - Essay ExampleShe argues that feminism has at sea its connection with empowerment. Women remain locked into a life of being there for everyone else while trying to maintain a sense of self.The bitter downcast woman material body perpetuates the loss of empowerment or loss of self. For the films discussed in this essay, when lightlessness women leave work and become homemakers they lose themselves and their connection to being black (272). This means that black women negate their freedom, and will be seen as lazy for not remaining in the workforce. Black women straightway have an important duty to remain educated and uphold the race through continued achievements (272). by means of these achievements, black women argon then viewed as divas or evil black bitches. The term diva at once described lauded opera singers, but is currently defined as a powerful and entertaining, if pushy and bitchy, woman (255). The evil black bitches image h as risen due to editing methods utilized on reality t.v. shows. These women are seen as villains, manipulate other persons and situations, and are hostile without reason. The power of editing making it possible.According to Springer, the image that is portrayed within the play Diary of a Mad Black Woman is the bitter black woman.

Taxation project 01 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Taxation project 01 - Case Study ExampleTherefore, expect a marginal task rate of 39.6%, amount available for reinvestment = annual immediate payment execute impose. Thus, 100,000 - (100,000*39.6%) = 100,000 39,600 = $ 60,400 (Schanz & Schanz, 2011).Q2 If Sandra operates the railway line as a regular C Corporation that makes no dividend distributions, calculate the annual after tax cash turn tail available for reinvestment in the craft. A C corporation is a business physical composition formulated to restrain the owners liabilities. Therefore, C corporations, in the eyes of law, are different from their owners. Using corporate tax rates, the business income is taxed at 34%. Therefore, if the corporation makes no dividend payments, the annual after tax cash flow available for reinvestments in the business = 13750 + (100,000 75,000)*34%) = (100,000 22,250) = $ 77,750 (Schanz & Schanz, 2011).Q3 there is no tax consequence in this case. Therefore, Sandra is salvage obligate d to pay (100,000 *39.6%) = $ 39,600 as tax expense. As a result, the annual after tax cash flow remaining in the business = (100,000 39,600) = $ 60,400. On the other hand, Sandra ordain have (100,000 20,000) = $ 80,000 from the withdrawal (Schanz & Schanz, 2011).Q4 Sandras corporation go away be taxed twice if withdrawals are made to fund dividend payments to shareholders. The first tax will apply to taxable income and the second will be applied to dividend. However, the rate of tax and the taxable income will not be affected. The income tax = 13,750 + ((100,000 -75,000) * 34%) = 22,250. As a result, after tax cash flow remaining for investment in the business = 100,000 22,250 = $ 77,750. The dividends will be subject to tax rate confusable to that of long-term capital gain (15%). Therefore, the after tax cash flow from the dividend = (20,000*20%) = $ 4,000 (Schanz & Schanz, 2011).Q5 If Sandra wishes to operate the business

Carbon tax and Cap-and-Trade Schemes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Carbon measure and Cap-and-Trade Schemes - Essay ExampleIn defining cap and trade administration, a government literally puts a cap or limit on the overall train of degree Celsius pollution. As the cap declines separately year, it cuts industrial green house emission to the limit of regulation. This way, the government spend a pennys and distributes pollution quotas, which in turn create an incentive for industries alike to reduce their emissions (Andrew 64). In comparing the two taxes, the cap-and-trade tax has more certainty than the carbon tax. The cap and trade tax in terms of certainty can be achieved as it determines household limits on the acceptable amount of emissions, thus achieving the desired outcome in reduction of emissions. This scheme has been utilise for decades by the United States to reduce emissions responsible for acid rain. By using the cap and trade system has reduced acid rain forming by half. As for the carbon tax the amount of emissions depends on the make grow and fall of energy. For this reason many industrialized countries have used carbon taxes to discourage fossil burn and promote clean energy. For example, in Sweden carbon tax has been estimated to cut emissions by 20 percent enable the country to achieve 2012 target under the Kyoto protocol.Carbon tax creates a fixed incentive to curb emissions since it can fix price of the carbon emissions. In assessing the cost or damage associated with for each one unit in pollution and the cost associated with controlling pollution. In essence its essential for the tax level to be right, if the tax is too low then the industries and households whitethorn opt to pay tax other(a) than reduce omissions. On the other hand, if its set too high then the cost may indirectly impact profits, jobs and the end consumers. Cap and trade lacks price certainty since emissions permit prices may move from year to year depending on the demand for energy. This means that while the maximum pollut ion quantity is set in advance trading price on permits

Drug abuse program Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Drug abuse program - Assignment ExampleIn the other(prenominal) two decades, many measures have been taken by the government in order to improve the oral communication of health c be function particularly with reference to the drug abuse treatment and psychological health improvement in the Los Angeles County. People addicted to substance abuse that also suffer from mental problems are said to have dual diagnosis. Measures have been taken to increase the access of dually diagnosed people to medical caveat and coordinate the required services for such individuals. To make the system more efficient, it was imperative that the current stipulation of the delivery of service was thoroughly researched. In order to achieve that, a study was conducted in which the administrators and the treatment staff of the programs based on substance abuse and mental health, who served the dually diagnosed patients were involved. A total of 15 administrators and 99 staff members considered the acce ssibility of the dually diagnosed patients to health care services and the coordination of health care services much cast down in comparison to 10 mental health administrators and 136 staff members, who gave a higher rating on each of the two factors (Grella, Gil-Rivas, and Cooper, 2004). In order to improve the coordination in the delivery of mental health services in substance abuse treatment and mental health improvement programs, the divergence in the concepts of the administrators involve to be lessened first because efficient working of the system requires them to work in close collaborationism with one another.

Developing strategic recommendations of Starbucks Coffee Company( the Essay

ontogeny strategic recommendations of Starbucks Coffee fraternity( the assignment is about Information management) - Essay ExampleThe Company also uses the AS/400 midrange carcass for most of its critical databases, together with some Oracle databases. The network operating system used is Novell Netwargon with Microsoft NT for some of the groups at the headquarters. (Rubenstein, 1997).The Starbucks Company uses IBM 4600 series point-of-sale terminals with some wireless networking at these points. The Company dodge also includes measures to improve the speed of service and line efficiency at individual stores, including the readiness of additional registers for this purpose.The Starbucks Company has been expanding its international operations and has had some success however its international operations are not as profitable due to its joint venture and licensing agreements. It also experiences operational problems due to the neglect of a trained workforce and finding suitable re al estate for its stores. The Companys late en try out into the Russian market has been criticized as a move made too late to try and capture an already congested market. (Merrett, 2006). Analysts have also pointed out that Starbucks needs to rethink its entry dodge into international markets and take into account, the risks arising from volatile political and business environments across the world, especially in view of the increase sensitivity in the world about America and American companies.(www.globalexchange.org)According to Earl (198969), no single IS strategy formulation will work, therefore on this basis he argues that IS/IT strategy within a firm should follow a multiple methodology made up of the tercet pronged come up. The three pronged approach consists of the top down, bottom up and inside out approaches. The top down approach seeks to clarify the business strategy in terms of the IS needs and policies. It matches the business needs with the current investments in I nformation Systems. This approach is implemented using the critical success

My Vocational Profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Vocational compose - Essay ExampleNo one else can set the principles of ones ethics other than oneself. I guide respect to mickle irrespective of their social standings and demand the same from others though not in a reciprocative manner. Another thing is that I value work no matter however miniature and whatever pleasing it might be. Presently I am working part time as a waiter in a restaurant because it helps in getting some income and gives me a bare-ass opportunity to meet new people all the time.The activities of my interests might sound to be somewhat public but this is what they are. I like to visit new places and meet new people especially people who are unlike me in thinking, in behaviour and in lifestyle. I try understand why they are what they are. I like to travel to different places, possibly alone, which gives me enough time to think and centralise what I see. I like to learn new things from different sources. Reading also interests me a lot. The kind of read ings includes current affairs, business trends, readings about various personalities and science related readings regarding latest discoveries and inventions.My dreams are the biggest source of my motivations. I am ambitious by nature.

Illegal Immigration Essay Example for Free

immoral Immigration Essay maven of the reasons of implementing the US immigration policy is to control and protect Americas national eludes. The US smother patrol controls and protects international state lines in the effort to arrest all individuals making attempts to enter the US misbrandedly. Illegal immigration attempts are predominant on the bank between the US and Mexico. In the yesteryear 20 years, economic recession in Mexico has contributed to increase misbranded entries or attempts to the same by the Mexicans.Consequently, semipolitical sensitivity about misappropriated immigration that has been brought by Mexicos poor economic performance has do the US government to dramatically improve the efforts aimed at increasing security at the US- Mexico bank. Most outlaw(prenominal) immigrants are seen to move from Mexican border cities to US Border States as their final destination.According to Hanson, Robertson and Spilimbergo, border patrol officers have had to spend more hours policing the Mexican border with an increase of up to 5. million hours in 1997 from 1. 8 million hours in 1977 (2002). Border regions are mostly affected by situations caused by misbranded immigration. For example, illegal immigration has the likelihood of affecting border markets. Such markets include Southern California, Mexican cities on the US-Mexico borders and South Western Texas (Hanson, Robertson and Spilimbergo, 2002). Illegal immigration has twain negative and positive results to the socio-economic status of the US. Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHanson, Robertson and Spilimbergo claim that immigration leads to the reduction of wages of US workers. The rise in immigration cases has resulted in belittled skilled immigrants and low skilled US workers competing for jobs. Moreover, immigrants are ready to take up any jobs leaving the low skilled US workers to settle for the remaining jobs (Hanson, Robertson and Spilimbergo, 2002). Findings by Hanson, Rob ertson and Spilimbergo indicate that border enforcement deters illegal immigrants whose entry has impacts on the labor markets in the US border areas.According to these findings, border regions can smirch illegal immigration without necessarily changing the native wages or even moving the natives from border regions or discouraging them to move to the border areas (Hanson, Robertson and Spilimbergo, 2002). Border economies may to a fault be forced to shift key to industries that are dependent on the skills of arriving immigrants so that low skilled labor can be secured for both US natives and immigrants (2002). Illegal immigrants are seen to add to the problem of common health that is already an issue that inescapably attention and review in the US.Attention is focused on the recent developments that allow immigrants to use public programs such as heath indemnification. As per the 2000 census, 1 in every 5 children is an immigrant family member in the largely dispersed immigra nt families in America. The immigration statuses of parents and children may also differ with up to 10% of immigrant children liveness in families of mixed status hence creating complexity. There are non-citizen parents who live with citizen children as their main caregivers.The citizen children may be denied health policy due to their parents citizenship and this may affect the health of both parents and children despite them beingness Americans (Paiti and Danagoulian, 2008). It is meaning(a) to note that poor health of immigrants children will eventually have a significant erect on the socio-economic future of every American. According to Paiti and Danagoulian, foreign born children in the US do not depend on public health insurance schemes compared to those born in the US despite the mouse of the rule on public charge.The increased likelihood of foreign born children to be uninsured, to live in poverty and to have parents who have less than high school formal education is a bring factor to the poor living conditions. The parents poor economic abilities create future projections of low abilities of immigrant children to be economically productive members of the labor force in America (Paiti Danagoulian, 2008). Today, USA claims that about 7 million illegal immigrants do not have medical insurance due to legal restrictions. In addition, 366,000 of the immigrants buy insurance policies from private companies.A publication on USA today named Everyone Benefits if Illegal Immigrants are insured claimed that that as in automobile insurance, the US public would benefit from premiums paid by illegal immigrants by collecting the surplus using it to provide better health care to the US citizens (USA Today, 2009). Illegal immigration is wrong and it should be stopped, but in the meantime, the country should benefit from having illegal aliens around before inventing ship canal of stopping the practice in order to create a win-win in the situation.In addition to border patrols and the deportation of captured aliens, the introduction of an Immigration and Control Act in 1986 helped in controlling illegal immigration (Pearce and Hill, 1990). According to Pearce Hill, immigration law will reduce employment of illegal aliens in some separate of the economy but not in others. However, limitations in the US budget will force regime to focus their enforcement efforts on industries with a large concentration of illegals at an individual business establishment (1990, pp. 43). precedent to the act, employers hired illegal immigrants knowingly as they would face no penalty.Since this law, there has been a registered decline in border crossings in most entry points and more illegal immigrants finding it hard to get jobs. Although the improve process is done by high skilled professionals, sanctions will improve the standard of living of low skill laborers even though to a small extent. Pearce and Hill suggest that substantial improvement in the real wages of legal and less skilled laborers will occur if sanctions are fully executed. In addition, legal and illegal low skill labor should be subject to substitution.The law must also be accurately applied to achieve benefits of sanctions (Pearce Hill, 1990). The Economist reports that critics fear the influx of Hispanic immigrants, who enter the US illegally, take up jobs and move into different parts of the country, are able to create two nations (2005). The illegal Latino immigrants take up common jobs in construction, distribution and food industry that is well demand for economic growth of the cities they occupy. Immigrants are seen to be assimilated into the US by almost becoming like everyone else in the US.They now become citizens, pay taxes, enlist in the army, participate in politics and even come up to English (The Economist, 2005). Despite fears of critiques of the negative effects of immigration, positive outcomes have also been observed from the same which is an im portant input to America. Conclusion Immigrants to the US have been seen to continue gaining access illegally despite the introduction of more sophisticated patrols at entry points. The introduction of labor laws that protect legal workforce in the US continues to protect low skilled laborers.However, better laws ought to be formulated to ensure that workers do not gather wages that are beneath their ability to sustain a comfortable life. In addition, illegal immigrant families should be assisted to take care of their offspring who are American citizens by acquiring medical insurance and other facilities as it has proven to be beneficial to the American populace. Socio-economic benefits accrued from the inclusion of immigrants in the sociable programs of America should also be observed as a positive contribution to the society.

Revenue Generation in Local Government Councils in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

Revenue extension in Local G all overnment Councils in Nigeria EssayLocal brasss are potentially very great for Nigeria as they play a significant role in generating tax and encouraging civil involvement, as well as creating a visible link between taxes and service delivery. The increasing cost of raceway government coupled with dwindling revenue enhancement has left various topical anesthetic anaesthetic governments in Nigeria with formulating strategies to improve the revenue base. Despite the numerous sources of revenue available to the various tiers of government as specified in the Nigeria 1999 constitution, since the seventies till now, over 80% of the annual revenue of the three tiers of government comes from petroleum. However, the serious decline in the price of oil in recent years has led to a decrease in the capital available for distribution to the tell aparts and local governments. The need for state and local governments to generate adequate revenue from sexual sources has therefore blend in a matter of extreme urgency and importance. The need underscores the eagerness on the protrude of state and local governments and even the federal government to look for new sources of revenue or to become aggressive and innovative in the mode of collecting revenue from existing sources.The general concern over the seemingly slow development of the rural areas in Nigeria has created a doubt as to the relevance of local governments in Nigeria whose primary function was to effect a representative government faster to all areas of the state land. Inadequacy of funds for various developmental projects stands as the cause for these shortcomings despite the increasing revenue assignation from the Federation accounts to the local governments. Hence the reason for the various avenues granted the local governments to generate revenues themselves.This essay is being carried out to appraise and evaluate revenue generation in the local governments, g rumpyly the internally generated revenue (IGR) to point out its adequacies, inadequacies and give recommendations where necessary. It study seeks to- * Identify the various sources of internal revenue available to local government council * To examine the prospect of meliorate the internally generated revenue of local government council * Spotting of factors militating against rough-and-ready revenue collection in the local government and * Proffer solution to identified problems.Good judicature is good money. Revenue generation can play a significant role in improving local government efficiency and reducing local government dependency. This essay would provide positive tinge on how to improve the financial position of the local government councils. Secondly, it result provide useful suggestions on how to effectively manage problems of revenue generation. Thirdly, it forget provide useful suggestions on the budgetary control system of rules the council can embark upon. Lastl y, this work will help researchers, individuals, organizations, higher levels of government and also local government councils on how to enable them meet their obligations.The theory of public finance is a field of economics that is interested with paying for collective or governmental activities, and with the administration and design of those activities. The proper role of government provides a starting point for the analysis of public finance. In this view, public sector programs should be designed to tap social benefits minus costs, then revenues needed to pay for those expenditures should be raised through a taxation system that creates the fewest efficiency losses caused by distortion of economic activity as possible. In the light of the above, the focus of this essay is on revenue generation in local government councils with particular reference to Ikenne local government, Ikenne. This work will embrace an examination of the internal and statutory source to the primitive re venue. This work was intended to cover all the twenty (20) local government in Ogun State, but because of special(a) time frame and the unavailability of some records due to negligence on the side of the staff, the focus will be on Ikenne Local Government only.This work will begin with the intention of developing an initial understanding of the opportunities and potential for revenue generation. To do this, the revenue generation constraints faced by local governments, perceptions of local governments, the importance of revenue, various revenue generation and service delivery will be appraised. This study will attract data from both primary and secondary sources. The data from primary sources will include those obtained from personal interviews. Secondary data would be obtained from budget speeches of council chairman, existing records in the council, journals, and CBN annual financial publications.

Integrate a quote with a signal phrase that precedes the quote. Essay Example for Free

Integrate a quote with a bless word that precedes the quote. EssayIn his article A Matter of Degrees, Clive device illustrates the importance of literacy today Illiteracy has always cut people off from the possibility of a comfortable life, and from full civil engagement Three out of ten seniors in public high nurture still fail to reach the basic-literacy standard (30). 2. Integrate a quote with a signal phrase that interrupts the quote.So much about todays adult industry seems like an undeft parody of Hollywood and the nation writ large, says David Foster Wallace in the essay Big Red Son, describing the evolution of adult scene stars. The gynecologically explicit sexual urge of Jenna Jameson, Jasmin St. Claire, et al. seems more than anything like a Mad magazine spoof of the smoldering sexuality of Sharon Stone and Madonna and so many other mainstream iconettes (29-30). 3. Integrate a quote with a signal phrase that follows the quote.I love the Cup because it stripped aw ay all the things about professional sports that Ive line up to despise The World Cup just bangs it out Two cool national anthems, two 45-minute halves, a few minutes of extra time and usually were done. Everything flies by. Everything means something. Its the single best degraded event we have by these four measures efficiency, significance, historical context and truly meaningful/memorable/ provoke moments, says Bill Simmons of ESPN.com in Bill Simmons World Cup 20 Questions, explaining some of the virtues of the international soccer tournament. flora Cited Crook, Clive. A Matter of Degrees. The Atlantic Monthly Nov. 2006 28-30. Academic Search Premier. Web. 5 July 2010. Simmons, Bill. Bill Simmons World Cups 20 Questions ESPN. ESPN The Worldwide Leader In Sports. ESPN Internet Ventures, 1 July 2010. Web. 05 July 2010. Wallace, David Foster. Big Red Son. Consider the Lobster and Other Essays. untested York Little, Brown, 2006. 3-50. Print.

Movie Review on “The Promise” Essay Example for Free

Movie Review on The Promise analyzeThe icon entitled The Promise by Chen Kaige is a depiction of love and truth that lies to a lower place different circumstances of the characters. The promise is love where two people will unite as matchless in the end as they unravel their past. The main characters in the story are general Guangming, Qingcheng, and Wuhuan. These characters tender the story into an enthusiastic construction that leads to tremendous ending. This movie has been recognized in the whole country of chinaware as well as the different parts of the world. Its recognition became remarkable for it brought cultural tradition to the heritage of chinaware with the concept of true love and fate. The movie created huge effects for it shows the historical situation of China where territories are being built and dynasties are being produced. Though this movie is fictional, it shows the character of Chinese agriculture as it embodies the life of its people and the way h ow leaders utilize their powers and richness towards their region. This movie also shows that a man will fight in the battle to save his woman despite of all the adventure and troubles that he may encounter. Based on my understanding in this movie, I have seen that along with new(prenominal) Chinese movies, this movie discussed how love prevails in any circumstance of life. It is somehow the opposite in right aways culture when men and women have no time to love one another because of their affectionate equality. From the time when women became recognized in their country, they wanted to hasten their richness and become powerful but they already forgotten their traditional values about love and how it justified their being and essence as Chinese. However, the movie showcased great talents and effects as well as technicalities as it depicts the social realm of China during the stratum of dynastical love.ReferenceKaige, C. The Promise.

Energy drinks Essay Example for Free

Energy jollifys EssayEnergy drinks ar beverages that plunder be used to supplement heftiness and concentration. It contains several ingredients, roughly good others bad. They contain ingredients such as caffeine, guarana, taurine and many more. Usually they are beneficial, solely when taken in large amounts some ingredients cigaret reasonableness unwelcome side effectuate. Many people consume talent drinks for pastime and the extra kick of energy for the day, but they are not aware of the hidden ingredients that great deal cause illness.In my opinion I believe that energy drinks are dangerous because they can cause illness, children and teenagers will be implyed by the drink and the horrible side effects. The packaging of energy drink might convince you that it is are fine to drink but most of us are unaware of the hidden dangers. Those dangers can put anyone at risk of illness. Energy drinks contain high amounts of sugar similar to soft drink but energy drinks als o contain high amounts of caffeine and taurine.Taurine is an amino acid that your body naturally produces. It helps settle heartbeat, muscle contractions, and energy levels. But when there is too much taurine in our bodies, it can take on some body parts overactive, akin platelets. Platelets are found in the blood stream and they are very important to the body. They help to clot blood when there is a cut. The sugar makes the platelets overactive which makes them bunk together and cause blood clots. This increase risk of heart related disease.In the US a small was conducted, they found that there is a link between the consumption of energy drinks and heart disease or high blood pressure. The researchers found healthy adults who drank two cans of a popular energy drink a day had above normal blood pressure and heart rate. Not only does it affect us both physical and mentally, it can affect children and teens who consume energy drinks. Children and teenagers dont agnize what they are consuming and the affect it has on the body.You may see children or teens consuming energy drinks at sporting events instead of sport drinks, to boost energy levels. We may think that energy drinks and sports drinks are the same, but theyre not. Sport drinks provide only carbohydrate and salts to replace those lost in sweat, whilst energy drinks leave temporary boost of energy. This may not sound bad but it will affect them over the long term. Like a child suffering with diabetes should not continue drinking energy drinks because the sugars in them can cause an imbalance of insulin.Even the Daily Telegraph thinks that energy drinks are unsafe because it can link to severe illness. The Daily Telegraph has reported Energy drinks could be dangerous for children and teenagers, The newspaper verbalize that the use of high-caffeine drinks has been linked to seizures, mania, stroke and sudden death. Energy drinks can effect children and teenagers and also entrust people terrible si de effects. Some people are not aware that energy drinks can give awful side effects after consumption.There are many side effects that can occur after drinking like vomiting, nausea, and hallucinations. Many ingredients inside energy drinks cause some people allergy reactions. There are many effects that can make people piss weight like people who dont exercise. The mayo clinic says that sugar intake has a cover correlation with weight gain, especially for people who dont exercise. But it can get worse, if energy drinks are drank with alcohol, it can make you pass out or get seriously hurt.Energy can drinks can make people sick from the dreadful side effects. However energy drinks create enjoyment among people, it has good taste and contains some good vitamins and herbs like vitamin B, ginseng, ginkgo Biloba and Antioxidants which are good for the body. To finish like to say that we should reconsider drinking energy because they can cause illness, young people will be affected a nd they can give people terrible side effects.

Human resource management Essay Example for Free

valet resource management EssayI would like to hold the measure ambit compendium to have the grandeur of the Human imagerys function in the study of a firms value chain. However, the in vogue(p) trend has been the outsourcing of HR ? curiously the transactional roles in HR as they are seen as non-value adding and a non-differentiato Premium362 Words2 Pages measure out compass synopsis induction valuate kitchen range synopsis describes the activities that take amaze in a affair and relates them to an abridgment of the agonistic military group of the furrow. Influential have by Michael usher suggested that the activities of a business could be sort chthonian ii headings (1) Primary Premium454 Words2 Pages empyrean Matrix vs. appraise bowed stringed instrument and good Chain victimisation an elongate physical exertion critically question the view that a sector ground substance gives a discontinue strategical taste of increase markets than the concepts of crossroad or trade good chains. Abstract This news report will canvas the relevancy of deuce-ace tools for analysing and prescribi Premium2701 Words11 Pages range ChainBoeing Corporation depth psychology study display panel of Contents Paper accusative commercial message Aircraft manufacture compact fabrication pen Typical diligence emulous strategy porters beer Competitive Model depth psychology Globalization of the fabrication Importance of selective information Technology to the diligence Boeing assess Chain analytic thinking ? Human Resource Management I would like to ingestion the Value Chain analytic thinking to study the importance of the Human Resources function in the study of a firms value chain. However, the latest trend has been the outsourcing of HR ?especially the transactional roles in HR as they are seen as non-value adding and a non-differentiato Premium362 Words2 Pages Value Chain compendium Introduction Value Chain Analysis describes the activities that take empower in a business and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the business. Influential represent by Michael usher suggested that the activities of a business could be grouped under two headings (1) Primary Premium454 Words2 Pages celestial sphere Matrix vs. Value Chain and good ChainUsing an extended example critically address the view that a sector hyaloplasm gives a better strategic understanding of product markets than the concepts of product or trade good chains. Abstract This opus will investigate the relevance of three tools for analysing and prescribi Premium2701 Words11 Pages Value Chain Boeing Corporation Analysis Paper add-in of Contents Paper Objective Commercial Aircraft Industry compend Industry visibility Typical Industry Competitive Strategy Porter Competitive Model Analysis Globalization of the Industry Importance of nurture Technology to the Industry BoeingValue Chain Analysis ?Human Resource Mana gement I would like to use the Value Chain Analysis to study the importance of the Human Resources function in the study of a firms value chain. However, the latest trend has been the outsourcing of HR ? especially the transactional roles in HR as they are seen as non-value adding and a non-differentiato Premium362 Words2 Pages Value Chain Analysis Introduction Value Chain Analysis describes the activities that take place in a business and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the business.Influential work by Michael Porter suggested that the activities of a business could be grouped under two headings (1) Primary Premium454 Words2 Pages Sector Matrix vs. Value Chain and Commodity Chain Using an extended example critically discuss the view that a sector matrix gives a better strategic understanding of product markets than the concepts of product or commodity chains. Abstract This paper will investigate the relevance of three tools for analysing and prescribi Pre mium2701 Words11 Pages Value ChainBoeing Corporation Analysis Paper Table of Contents Paper Objective Commercial Aircraft Industry Summary Industry Profile Typical Industry Competitive Strategy Porter Competitive Model Analysis Globalization of the Industry Importance of Information Technology to the Industry BoeingValue Chain Analysis ? Human Resource Management I would like to use the Value Chain Analysis to study the importance of the Human Resources function in the study of a firms value chain. However, the latest trend has been the outsourcing of HR ?especially the transactional roles in HR as they are seen as non-value adding and a non-differentiato Premium362 Words2 Pages Value Chain Analysis Introduction Value Chain Analysis describes the activities that take place in a business and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the business. Influential work by Michael Porter suggested that the activities of a business could be grouped under two headings (1) Pri mary Premium454 Words2 Pages Sector Matrix vs. Value Chain and Commodity ChainUsing an extended example critically discuss the view that a sector matrix gives a better strategic understanding of product markets than the concepts of product or commodity chains. Abstract This paper will investigate the relevance of three tools for analysing and prescribi Premium2701 Words11 Pages Value Chain Boeing Corporation Analysis Paper Table of Contents Paper Objective Commercial Aircraft Industry Summary Industry Profile Typical Industry Competitive Strategy Porter Competitive Model Analysis Globalization of the Industry Importance of Information Technology to the Industry BoeingValue Chain Analysis ?Human Resource Management I would like to use the Value Chain Analysis to study the importance of the Human Resources function in the study of a firms value chain. However, the latest trend has been the outsourcing of HR ? especially the transactional roles in HR as they are seen as non-value addin g and a non-differentiato Premium362 Words2 Pages Value Chain Analysis Introduction Value Chain Analysis describes the activities that take place in a business and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the business.Influential work by Michael Porter suggested that the activities of a business could be grouped under two headings (1) Primary Premium454 Words2 Pages Sector Matrix vs. Value Chain and Commodity Chain Using an extended example critically discuss the view that a sector matrix gives a better strategic understanding of product markets than the concepts of product or commodity chains. Abstract This paper will investigate the relevance of three tools for analysing and prescribi Premium2701 Words11 Pages Value ChainBoeing Corporation Analysis Paper Table of Contents Paper Objective Commercial Aircraft Industry Summary Industry Profile Typical Industry Competitive Strategy Porter Competitive Model Analysis Globalization of the Industry Importance of Informat ion Technology to the Industry BoeingValue Chain Analysis ? Human Resource Management I would like to use the Value Chain Analysis to study the importance of the Human Resources function in the study of a firms value chain. However, the latest trend has been the outsourcing of HR ?especially the transactional roles in HR as they are seen as non-value adding and a non-differentiato Premium362 Words2 Pages Value Chain Analysis Introduction Value Chain Analysis describes the activities that take place in a business and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the business. Influential work by Michael Porter suggested that the activities of a business could be grouped under two headings (1) Primary Premium454 Words2 Pages Sector Matrix vs. Value Chain and Commodity ChainUsing an extended example critically discuss the view that a sector matrix gives a better strategic understanding of product markets than the concepts of product or commodity chains. Abstract This paper will investigate the relevance of three tools for analysing and prescribi Premium2701 Words11 Pages Value Chain Boeing Corporation Analysis Paper Table of Contents Paper Objective Commercial Aircraft Industry Summary Industry Profile Typical Industry Competitive Strategy Porter Competitive Model Analysis Globalization of the Industry Importance of Information Technology to the Industry BoeingValue Chain Analysis ?Human Resource Management I would like to use the Value Chain Analysis to study the importance of the Human Resources function in the study of a firms value chain. However, the latest trend has been the outsourcing of HR ? especially the transactional roles in HR as they are seen as non-value adding and a non-differentiato Premium362 Words2 Pages Value Chain Analysis Introduction Value Chain Analysis describes the activities that take place in a business and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the business.Influential work by Michael Porter suggested that the activities of a business could be grouped under two headings (1) Primary Premium454 Words2 Pages Sector Matrix vs. Value Chain and Commodity Chain Using an extended example critically discuss the view that a sector matrix gives a better strategic understanding of product markets than the concepts of product or commodity chains. Abstract This paper will investigate the relevance of three tools for analysing and prescribi Premium2701 Words11 Pages Value Chain Boeing Corporation Analysis Paper Table of Contents Paper ObjectiveCommercial Aircraft Industry Summary Industry Profile Typical Industry Competitive Strategy Porter Competitive Model Analysis Globalization of the Industry Importance of Information Technology to the Industry BoeingValue Chain Analysis ? Human Resource Management I would like to use the Value Chain Analysis to study the importance of the Human Resources function in the study of a firms value chain. However, the latest trend has been the outsourcing of HR ? especially the transactional roles in HR as they are seen as non-value adding and a non-differentiato Premium362 Words2 PagesValue Chain Analysis Introduction Value Chain Analysis describes the activities that take place in a business and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the business. Influential work by Michael Porter suggested that the activities of a business could be grouped under two headings (1) Primary Premium454 Words2 Pages Sector Matrix vs. Value Chain and Commodity Chain Using an extended example critically discuss the view that a sector matrix gives a better strategic understanding of product markets than the concepts of product or commodity chains.Abstract This paper will investigate the relevance of three tools for analysing and prescribi Premium2701 Words11 Pages Value Chain Boeing Corporation Analysis Paper Table of Contents Paper Objective Commercial Aircraft Industry Summary Industry Profile Typical Industry Competitive Strategy Porter Competitive Model Analysis Globalization of the Industry Importance of Information Technology to the Industry BoeingValue Chain Analysis ? Human Resource Management I would like to use the Value Chain Analysis to study the importance of the Human Resources function in the study of a firms value chain.However, the latest trend has been the outsourcing of HR ? especially the transactional roles in HR as they are seen as non-value adding and a non-differentiato Premium362 Words2 Pages Value Chain Analysis Introduction Value Chain Analysis describes the activities that take place in a business and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the business. Influential work by Michael Porter suggested that the activities of a business could be grouped under two headings (1) Primary Premium454 Words2 Pages Sector Matrix vs. Value Chain and Commodity ChainUsing an extended example critically discuss the view that a sector matrix gives a better strategic understanding of produc t markets than the concepts of product or commodity chains. Abstract This paper will investigate the relevance of three tools for analysing and prescribi Premium2701 Words11 Pages Value Chain Boeing Corporation Analysis Paper Table of Contents Paper Objective Commercial Aircraft Industry Summary Industry Profile Typical Industry Competitive Strategy Porter Competitive Model Analysis Globalization of the Industry Importance of Information Technology to the Industry Boeing

Tummy Tuck Essay Example for Free

Tummy Tuck EssayWhether youre a male or a female Age, hormones, high protein diets and other factors can result in centralized fat in the abdomen. Abdominoplasty, also known as a tummy conglomerate, is a decorative procedure performed to eliminate excess skin, remove fat and fat cells from the abdomen, as well as constrain the underlying muscles in the stomach to create a firm abdomen. The removal of a large break up of lower abdominal skin requires that the belly- providedton be surgically reconstructed as well. An unfit abdomen is collectable to a number of factors not only due to extra fat.Stretching of tissues and muscles in the stomach, having problems with elasticity in the skin and having excess skin can cause your abdomen to appear weak and bug out of shape. A Tummy Tuck can be through for a person of any(prenominal) age but ideal candidates be people who use up broken elasticity to their skin with age and women whose pregnancies have stretched out the muscles in their abdominal wall. Women who plan on having a tummy tuck should be comfortable that they are done having children to avoid re-stretching of the muscles.Men as well can be candidates for abdominoplasty in cases of striking weight loss, creating loose skin. Men and Women that lack exercise or are non-responsive to exercise can skeletal system up the spare tire look in which they may benefit from a tummy tuck as well. When planning a tummy tuck, you must consider a few things. Like any other surgical procedure, there are risks and pre-cautions that must be taken into account. Good communication with your sawbones is key to preparing you for your mental process.Dieting, smoking, alcohol intake and other individual habits must be taken into consideration and discussed with your doctor. snip is important when considering a tummy tuck. Make sure you have planned enough time to feel and you have family or friends that may be available if you need them. All types of surgeries have risks to some measure. rough risks of having a tummy tuck include, infection, excessive bleeding, prolonged scarring (mainly due to smoking amp 2nd impart smoke), skin loss and blood clots. (Discuss all the complications with your surgeon).A Tummy Tuck can be done for a person of any age but it is most frequently done on women who have had children and do not plan on having more. It is also regularly performed on people who have lost all of the weight they planned to lose. You must be a level-headed individual with no thoroughgoing(a) medical conditions. (Set up a consultation with a surgeon to see if your health issues contradict with having this procedure). Pain, lump (due to the removal of tissue) and bruising after your surgery can vary on the individual but those post-op effects are normal.A compression garment is given to the person to wear directly after the surgery for 4-7 weeks. A Tummy Tuck does not replace exercise and diet, those things essential to living a healt hy lifestyle, but it certainly is a booster to those who want to start getting back into shape and is a quicker way to retrieve your previous figure or achieve the shape youve always wanted. Your terminus is just an appointment away, call for a consultation to get started

Supply of Music after the Introduction of Internet Marketing Essay Example for Free

Supply of Music after the door of Internet Marketing EssayInternet allows the labels to make the distribution directly to the customers bypassing the retailers. Internet eliminates the necessity of the retailers and by this way the recording companies are able to add the amounts payable to the retailers to their own revenues. Since the retailers were to be paid a considerable portion of the total revenue generated the recording companies always finds ways to eliminate the retailers and garner the redundant revenues. 1.An separate impact internet had on the symphony fabrication is the reduction in revenues as a result of piracies and illegal copying of the harmony products. Though the proportion of such illegal copying is precise less in the past with the advancements in the technology with compression protocols and high-speed internet connections have resulted in a large manifestation of this issue especially in the college campuses. The websites like Napster that provide free software package and central website to download the required songs, have proliferated the problem of illegal copying.In the post-web period that is after the intro of the internet marketing of the unison products, the medication industry has been subjected to the threat of a wide spread plagiarization which has the military force of affecting the sale of the original products. These piracies take the form of piracy of Compact Discs, private keen of the CDs and the peer-to-peer swapping of music files online through the internet. Out of these the biggest threat to the music industry is the peer-to-peer (P2P) supply networks facilitated by the internet.In the P2P networks the veer of music takes place by the swapping of music files through the internet. Under P2P there is an utter disregard of the labels of the records and P2P bypasses every restrictions and allows the swapping of music files by the consumers without the payment of whatsoever money to the record ships company. P2P besides enables the artists to supply the music without the companionship and control of the record companies. The introduction of MP3 technology along with the possibility of file sharing has enabled the supply of music over the internet much easier and directly to the consumers on their personalized computers.As a technical advancement the easy accessibility of music in the personal computers facilitated the proliferation of other portable sound recording devices that enable the MP3 files to be transferred to these portable devices after downloading from the personal computer. These portable devices could easily be carried around by the consumers. The portable audio devices have the distinct advantage of being small and easy to carry along. These devices enable the consumer to listen to the music while moving around, travelling or while doing exercises.The advent of these smaller audio devices has in effect enhanced the demand for music over the internet as it i s possible to transfer the music to these devices from the personal computers where the music is already downloaded via internet. As shown in the figure below the role of internet has increased signifi privytly during the recent periods in the supply of music. So long as the consumers download the music that carries a copyright, in a legitimate way after making payment to the online trading organizations the position of the record companies stack be considered safe.In fact internet offers a wide scope to the music industry as the newly emerging digital technologies offers music to large groups of people and enables the audience to have access to their favourite(a) artistes. The internet excessively offers the possibility of accessing old, new and unusual music at very competitive and low-cost prices. (Gerard F. Lewis et al 2005) On the darker side of the internet, it offers scope for music piracies. There is nothing new near the piracy in the music industry.But according to Ham mersley, (2002) the scale and ease with which the music piracy is attempted in the internet is really frightening. Source Parikh (1999) With the advancement in the technology now it is possible to download any piece of music from the internet without paying the charges or cost to the online trading company. This amounts to the pirating of the music piece. Napster, the American company is the famous promoter of such technology for downloading the music from the internet without payment.Thus the new technologies have lowly the control of the record company owning the rights for the content form preventing such unauthorized downloads. It made the record companies to hold that they have underestimated the threat to the industry from the piracy and have been very sluggish in reacting to protect their interests. The protective cover of their rights from illegal trespass would involve the registration and protection of their copyrights more strongly. (Gerard F. Lewis et al 2005)One of t he basic wrinkle models of the music industry is to make music stars. A music star is made when the music created by the musicians fits into a well defined set of factors that can stimulate the demand of a majority of consumers universally. here(predicate) what comes into fore is the music consumers needs and preferences. There are certain variables that initialize the customers needs and preferences. Rosen (1983) observes musicians with lesser talents are easily substituted by those with more talents.It is also quite possible in the present daytime context of the availability modern communication technologies like internet and television to reach an audience of innumerable magnitude. Because of this trend there is always the possibility that the musicians with greater talent will always prevail over the musicians with comparatively lesser talent. Using the economic theory advocated by the renowned economist Marshall (1920) it can be pointed out that the technological advanceme nt is the key factor in determining the music industrys demand.But in addition the talent can also be regarded as the deciding factor for the demand. But the only issue with talent is that it cannot be measured. The influence of social pressure also plays a key role in the determination of the need and preferences of the customer. The influence of peer group also changes the customers preferences as per the study conducted by Johnstone and Katz (1957) In this case attendance to concerts by music celebrities or auditory modality to their works is considered as a necessity to form a basis of communicating with each other in any peer group.But social pressure is also another variable that cannot be measures as in the case of talent. Hence it may not be precisely possible to order the extent of the impact of these variables on the customers preferences. The other variables that influence the online music consumers preferences are the individual tastes, knowledge about music, communica tion possibilities and the portion of the income that is apportioned by the consumer for music related expenses.Crain and Tollison (1997) identified that the amount of income reserved for music determines the quality and taste of the music as with lesser cost the consumer can listen to the music by non-stars than spending more to listen to music by celebrity stars. The last but not the to the lowest degree criteria is the music time denoting the time that can be undividedly distributable for listening to music. This also determines the customers needs and preferences over the music online.

The Global Economic Crisis Essay Example for Free

The Global Economic Crisis EssayThe current globose monetary has spawned a regenerate interest among economists and policymakers to identify its causes and to come up with possible solutions. There were a number of financial c deepens that gestate taken place in the 20th century, a considerable number of which elicited panic that the social unit economy was at the verge of collapse (Karabell). Countries previously affected by economic crises seem to be rebounding, with improvements in credit ratings and returns of foreign capital. Despite the lessons learned from the past crises, it is inevitable for history to repeat itself. Moreover, not even the worlds strongest economy is immune from this terrible fate. The meltdown in the US owe industry started the series of unfortunate events that led to the massive economic crisis. The perception that real estate prices would rise encouraged financial institutions to loosen their standards to borrowers (Shiller 29). However, this eco nomic slowdown was not contained in the mortgage industry. Months after the initial signs of such slowdown, bigger financial institutions have been hit of what has become a global financial crisis.It was desire dominoes falling one right after another The demise of Lehman Brothers tipped to the rush sales agreement of Merrill Lynch to Bank of America, followed by the federal takeover of AIG (Duffy). Now that the U. S. government has granted a $7-billion bailout, the U. S. financial market shows promising potentials of recovery. Yet, none can be of infallible certainty as to its sustainability (Sahadi). It is impossible to peak at this early point of time the effectiveness of the bailout.What is possible is to recognize what is happening and to take basal steps in the restructuring of the institutional foundations of the financial economy. These include taking short-run remedies to put a snag at least to the continuing detriments of the crisis and to employ long-term changes tha t would reduce, if not totally eradicate, the risk of another global financial crisis.Works Cited Duffy, Michael. After the Financial Crisis, a Cleanup That Changes Everything. Time Magazine. 22 September 2008. 28 October 2008 http//www. time. com/time/business/article/ 0,8599,1843213,00.html. . Karabell, Zachary. In A Few Fateful Days. Newsweek. 18 October 2008. 28 October 2008 http//www. newsweek. com/id/164593. Sahadi, Jeanne. Bailout is virtue President Bush signs historic $700 billion plan aimed at stemming credit crisis. CNNMoney. 4 October 2008. 28 October 2008 http//money. cnn. com/2008/10/03/news/economy/house_friday_bailout/index. htm? postversion=2008100309 Shiller, Robert J. The Subprime Solution How Todays Global Financial Crisis Happened, and What to Do about It. New Jersey Princeton University Press, 2008.

Victorian Britain Essay Example for Free

Victorian Britain EssayIn Victorian quantify deal were to a greater extent susceptible to being lied to and were a lot more gullible, which is probably why they could believe a lot of the writing more. This is because the Victorians suspension of disbelief was far greater than any of ours at present. The private eye Holmes mysteries were thoroughgoing(a) for their time, nevertheless the Holmes character was also reflective of perfection, whereas in todays society we mainly prefer our characters to have more flaws, to make them seem more human, although Sherlock Holmes classically still appeals to many. The cardboard Box describes Sherlock Holmes not only as a very good detective but also as an ear expert, which today we would not believe as very few people could be this clever or perfect, but then the Victorians liked it to be like that and they would believe it, to from each one whiz ear is as a rule quite distinctive, and differs from all early(a) ones. In last gee zerhood anthropological journal you will find two short monographs from my pen upon the subject. I had therefore examined the ears in the box with the eyes of an expert, and had carefully noted their anatomical peculiarities.Imagine my surprise then, when, on looking at Miss Cushion, I perceived that her ear corresponded exactly with the female ear which I had just inspected. This illustrates Sherlock Holmes talking ab step to the fore his knowledge of ears, such intelligence of which is highly unlikely if he is also admitted as being a very good detective. In The Man with the Twisted Lip, Holmes has somehow managed to figure out that the dirty beggar, Boone, was in fact the well respected, upper class Neville St Clair Holmes stooped the water jug, moistened his sponge, and then rubbed it in two ways vigorously across and down the prisoners face.Let me introduce you he shouted, to Mr Neville St Clair, of Lee, in the county of Kent. Somehow even though it has deluded every other detective and policemen working on this crime, Holmes had managed to figure it out when no one else could. This over again is highly unbelievable that he could have figured it out as he had an insufficient criterion of clues. But what is even more unbelievable is from The Speckled Band, where all the clues Holmes had was a dog lead, a drum roll of milk and a whistling sound.Somehow he managed to figure out that from this a snake was arranged by the whistling sounds and fed on the milk, and was controlled using the dog lead, and that the snake went up through a fake vent into the next the bedroom and climbed down a fake bell pull to goad the victim and then ordered back by the whistle and tempted back into a safe by the saucer of milk. It is unlikely that anyone, even Sherlock Holmes, should have been able to figure that out with the clues he had. at last he took the bell rope in his hand and gave it a brisk tug. Why its a dummy, utter he. Wont it ring? No its not even attache d to a wire. This is very interesting you butt see now that it is fastened to a hook just above where the ventilator is. No one else had realised that the bell rope did not work, no one had even realised it wasnt hooked up to a wire but one quick look around the room by Holmes and was bountiful to see that it was not and he also noticed that there was a fake ventilator when he didnt even know where it led to. All these things show us that many people of Victorian Britain were a lot more susceptible to unbelievable things whereas today we tend to prefer things to be more practical and more huma.We prefer a character to be flawed, whereas Victorians preferred their characters to be perfect, e. g. Sherlock Holmes. So, in induction the Sherlock Holmes stories can tell us a lot almost Victorian Britain. We can locate that it was a place where class was everything, and that you should stay in the class you were born into. The upper class citizens were the people that mainly read t hese books and they appeared to like the seedier side of things, as they thought it was a true aspect of what in truth happened, which they preferred not to accept, but if it was in a book it was acceptable.The British people thought that they were soften than every other ethnic group and saw it as being okay to discriminate against them and be racist whereas today we would not accept it and it is a crime. There was a lot more reciprocal crime in those times as well, which came up a lot in the stories as each was based around a crime, with even the higher class people committing crimes like going to opium dens among other things. Poverty as well was a lot more rampant in the Victorian times as no one seemed to be bothered about the poor, as it was part of their everyday breeding to be or to see a lot of poverty in the streets.The stories also told us about the Victorians love of all things gothic, the architecture, dark clothes and writing gothic writing contained a lot of murde r, ghosts, immorality and darkness. They were also depicted as being a lot more gullible than we are today and would believe almost anything that they were told in stories and were not bothered if it did not seem real. We can see this from Holmes perfect character and how he did not even have one flaw. To summarise, Sir Arthur Conan Doyles stories combine many elements which give us a very good representation of Victorian life.

Re-Branding Malaysia Airlines

Re-Branding Malaysia air passagesTo cultivate Malaysia airways branding worry, rebranding is necessary for them for their potential customer to put Malaysia Airline as priority choice when comparing among the airlines. concord to Jonathan A.J Wilson (2014), brands are a visual, aural and verbal encapsulation of differentiating characteristics for lot to a particular beget or services (Lessons from Malaysia Airlines Damage Control and Should They Rebrand, para.4). Comparing same type of products and services, branding always influences passel to put the brands as their exceed choices. He also stated that cooperate brands have their identity and in-personity, linking every(prenominal) the employees, activities, products and services to the organisation (Lessons from Malaysia Airlines Damage Control and Should They Rebrand, para.4). Although Malaysia Airline gives us the pride as it is our topic brand, people avoid choosing it as their top choice for their safety measure w hen libertine because the branding is associates with air disasters. Rebranding would be a solution for Malaysia Airline current situation because rebranding which involves repainting its uniforms and relaunching it with brand-new logos and name is a strategical action for the airlines after a clash (Karl West, 2014, para.1). According to Johnny Clark, an aviation brand consultant and music director of The DesignAir , their recognisable logos and cooperate colours were on the headlines of TV news channels and newspaper take care pages during the air crashes, causing deep impact in the people memory closely the passenger thou disasters. Clark also pointed out MAS occupy to consolidate the current look of their aircraft if their aircraft and the smart course of action would be to expedite the painting of their entire fleet to the newer scheme( Annette Ekin, personal communication, July 2014).By rebranding the Malaysia Airlines, people leave behind lower their worries and aus pices guard towards the branding because it is wholly new for them and the new branding would prevent evoking of the memories of the scene of plane crash. A name change would tell the entire world that Malaysia Airlines have changed and they are ready for a new chapter in order to regain their customers. Comparing the air disasters happened in the past, the aviation tragedy in MH17 connatural with the shooting down of Korean Air Lines flight KAL 007, a commercial carrier which sheered into Russian airspace. To solve their branding crisis, the airline chose to remould into its new image, Korean Air. The affiliation of its previous branding which is a tail-fin logo, a red crane enclosed in red circle with tragedy and doomed flight is replaced with a stylized red and blue taeguk, the Korean yin-yang. With its fresh look, Korean Air now a top ranked airline for service and safety and able to survive through the branding crisis ( Karl West, 2014, para.9) .Other than rebranding Malaysia Airlines, they need to restructure their business by making major internal changes in the company. Apparently, the first things they need to remediate is development of a flexible crisis response capability. Paul Baines (2014) has stated the capability of a company in handling contends and crisis is a measure of the company to survive in the business world. (What Malaysia Airlines must do to survive, para.5)According to Paul (2014), it is crucial for Malaysia Airline to form a crisis response team in order to response to the emotional needs of its cosmos and also conduct a post mortem the changes they would physical exercise for handling crises expose in future. (What Malaysia Airlines must do to survive, para.5) It is very important for it to refill its plane with global passengers, especially the Chinese and the Dutch which are the biggest community involved in the twin air disasters. The crisis communication strategy should write up for the media and general public particu larly the families and internal staff. A crisis communication team would be trusty for when, what and how the specifyations will be conveyed to each audience (Ben McCarthy, 2014,pg.1). Reviewing the case of MH370, the biggest fault by Malaysia Airline is the slow reaction towards the crisis. Robert Jensan who is the master(prenominal) executive of Kenyon, a crisis and disasters management company s uphold that the first thing Malaysia Airlines should have done is inform the airport to take a few actions without any delays. The arrival board of the flight should be interpreted off immediately, setting up a reception area for the family members. Before the news broke, the family members is required to outride in a protected area, securing them from the media onslaught. The priority in the chaos should be the family members of the passengers. Furthermore, Robert pointed out that Malaysia Airline should apprise them before the media and be transparent in giving the information in t heir hand and caution them about the speculation that will inevitably arise and tell them what to expect in the coming days (Amber Hildebrandit, personal communication, March 12, 2014).By having good crisis management team in order for facing challenges in the future, Malaysia Airline is more ready to be exist as a competitive airliner. Good crisis management musical arrangement would regain its customers because their right have been reserved. Concerning about their customers right and needs, the Malaysia Airline would be remoulded as a responsible airline company which put their customers need as their top consideration. By doing this, they would solve their branding problem and financial problem in the future.Although regaining potential customers to refill its plane would help Malaysia Airline to aid in its financial problem, cutting live and restructuring the business model are necessary. Since high operating apostrophize is one of the factor, weakness in pricing and revenu e management, sales and distribution in the market brush aside be overcome by personnel transfer. Cut job can directly ease the financial burden and the remaining staffs will provided training again so that they remain as highly experienced and competitive employee to help in decision making in the planning for business strategy for Malaysia Airline. In addition, replacing the aircraft with the higher efficiency and fuel saving is inevitable for facing the current escalating fuel. It is to ensure the yield per route would be profitable to cover the high operating cost. To do so, restructuring the route also requisite so that unprofitable route would be taken out and avoid financial lost. Although cutting cost and restructuring business model are effective ways to solve their financial crisis, it would takes long time to practice the solution. Despite the time taken, downsizing and restructuring the route affect the personnel lives. Downsizing would cause the employees to lose the ir jobs and computer address of revenue while restructuring the route may neglect the need of minority group who needs the flying service. For this reason, Malaysia Airline needs to handle it well by holding several communications and negotiation with the employee and the public so that it will not bring damage to its branding anymore.The twin aviation disasters in quaternity months have brought severe damage to the reputation and financial status of the Malaysia Airline. To survive in this crisis, it is a biggest challenge faced by the airline because the lack of experience handling in such problem in the past. Malaysia Airline should solve both the problems together as its interrelated. Rebranding and restructuring of the airline would be a new chapter for the kinship between the airline and customers. Lessons learned by the airline would help them to handle crisis better in the future, securing the national brand of the airline as well as the right of the passengers.

MapReduce for Distributed Computing

MapReduce for Distributed cypher1.) IntroductionA distributed computation goerning body smoke be specify as a collection of lickors complect by a discourse ne dickensrk such that all in all(prenominal) processor has its take local memory. The intercourse between some(prenominal) two or much processors of the governance of rules takes place by passing information over the communication network. It has its application in conglomerate handle uniform Hadoop and Map Reduce which we get out be discussing further in details.Hadoop is becoming the technology of election for enterprises that need to effectively collect, store and process bigger amounts of structured and complex data.The purpose of the thesis is to look into about the possibility of victimization a MapReduce framework to implement Hadoop.Now all this is possible by the archive strategy that is commitd by Hadoop and it is HDFS or Hadoop Distributed data institutionalize System.HDFS is a distributed file cabinet administration and opened to tramp on hardw atomic enumerate 18. It is similar with existing distributed file organisations and its main advantage over the new(prenominal)wise(a) distributed File carcass is, it is designed to be deployed on low-cost hardw be and highly fault-tolerant. HDFS provides extreme throughput doorway to applications having mountainous data sets.Originally it was built as infrastructure attendant for the Apache Nutch web search engine. Applications that run using HDFS retain extremely large data sets like few gigabytes to even terabytes in size. Thus, HDFS is designed to support very large sized files. It provides high data communication and erect connect hundreds of nodes in a undivided bunch together and supports tens of millions of files in a corpse at a age.Now we take all the above things menti unityd above in details. We will be discussing various fields where Hadoop is being implemented like in reposition facility of Fa cebook and twitter, HIVE, PIG etc.2.) Serial vs. Parallel ProgrammingIn the advance(prenominal) decades of computing, political platforms were serial or incidental, that is, a program consisted of a categorization of instructions, where apiece instruction executed sequential as find suggests. It ran from start to finish on a wizard processor.Parallel programming (grid computing) true as a means of improving serveance and efficiency. In a correspond program, the process is scurvy up into some(prenominal) parts, each of which will be executed simultaneously. The instructions from each part run simultaneously on different CPUs. These CPUs chamberpot exist on a undivided machine, or they can be CPUs in a set of computers connected via a network.Not only be collimate programs faster, they can also be apply to solve problems on large datasets using non-local alternatives. When you grow a set of computers connected on a network, you have a vast pool of CPUs, and you often have the ability to read and write very large files (assuming a distributed file dodging is also in place).Parallelism is nonhing but a strategy for performing complex and large tasks faster than conventional serial expression. A large task can either be performed serially, one step sp atomic number 18- m application a nonher, or can be decomposed into little tasks to be performed simultaneously using concurrent mechanism in parallel systems.Parallelism is do byBreaking up the process into smaller processesAssigning the smaller processes to multiple processors to work on simultaneouslyCoordinating the processorsParallel problem solving can be seen in real life application in like manner.Examples automobile manufacturing plant operating a large fundamental law building construction3.) History of clodsClustering is the use of glob of computers, typically PCs or slightly workstations, storage devices, and interconnections, appears to outsider (substance ab exploiter) as a single highly super system. Cluster computing can be used for high availability and load balancing. It can be used as a relatively low-cost form of parallel treat system for scientific and other related applications.Computer cluster technology put cluster of few systems together to provide stop system reliability. Cluster emcee systems can connect a group of systems together in prepare to provide combined processing usefulness for the lymph nodes in the cluster.Cluster operating systems distribute the tasks amongst the ready(prenominal) systems. Clusters of systems or workstations can connect a group of systems together to share critically demanding and tough tasks. Theoretically, a cluster operating system can provide seamless optimization in each case.At the present succession, cluster host and workstation systems are mostly used in High Availability applications and in scientific applications such as numerical computations.A cluster is a shell of parallel or distr ibuted system thatconsists of a collection of interconnected whole computersand is used as single, unified computing resource.The whole computer in above definition can have one or more processors built into a single operating system image.Why a ClusterLower cost In all-purpose small sized systems loot from using proper technology. Both hardware and software costs tend to be expressively squirt for minor systems. However one must study the entire cost of proprietorship of your computing environs while making a buying conclusion. Next subdivision facts to just about issues which may counterbalance some of the gains of primary cost of acquirement of a cluster. .Vendor independence Though it is special Kly suit equal to use similar components through a number of innkeepers in a cluster, it is worthy to retain a definite degree of vendor independence, especially if the cluster is being organized for long term usage. A Linux cluster created on mostly service hardware permits for much better vendor liberation than a large multi-processor scheme using a proprietary operating system.Scalability In several environments the problem load is too large that it just cannot be processed on a specific system within the clock time limits of the organization. Clusters similarly provide a hassle-free path for increasing the computational means as the load rises over time. Most large systems scale to a assured number of processors and withdraw a costly emanationReliability, Availability and Serviceability (RAS) A larger system is typically more vulnerable to harm than a smaller system. A major hardware or software component failure fetches the whole system dget. Hence if a large single system is positioned as the computational resource, a module failure will bring down substantial computing power. In case of a cluster, a single module failure only affects a small part of the overall computational resources. A system in the cluster can be repaired without bringing res t of the cluster down. Also, additional computational resources can be added to a cluster while it is running the exploiter assignment. Hence a cluster maintains resolve of substance ab user operations in both of these cases. In similar type of situations a SMP system will require a perform shutdown and a restart.Adaptability It is much easier to adapt the topology. The patterns of linking the compute nodes together, of a cluster to surpass suit the application requirements of a computer center. Vendors typically support much classified topologies of MPPs because of design, or sometimes testing, issues.Faster technology innovation Clusters benefit from thousands of researchers all around the world, who typically work on smaller systems rather than luxurious high end systems.Limitations of ClustersIt is noteworthy to reference certain shortcomings of using clusters as opposite to a single large system. These should be closely cautious while defining the best computational resour ce for the organization. System overseers and programmers of the organization should intensely take part in estimating the following trade-offs.A cluster increases the number of individual components in a computer center. Every server in a cluster has its own sovereign network ports, power supplies, etc. The increased number of components and cables going across servers in a cluster incompletely counterbalances some of the RAS advantages orderd above. It is easier to achieve a single system as opposed to numerous servers in a cluster. There are a exercise set more system services obtainable to manage computing means within a single system than those which can assistance manage a cluster. As clusters promoteively find their way into moneymaking organizations, more cluster savvy tools will become accessible over time, which will bridge some of this gap.In order for a cluster to scale to make actual use of numerous CPUs, the workload needs to be properly well-adjusted on the c luster. Workload inequity is easier to handle in a dual-lane memory environment, because switching tasks across processors doesnt involve too much data movement. On the other hand, on a cluster it tends to be very tough to move a by this time running task from one node to some other. If the environment is such that workload balance cannot be controlled, a cluster may not provide good parallel proficiency.Programming patterns used on a cluster are typically diverse from those used on shared out-memory systems. It is relatively easier to use parallelism in a shared-memory system, since the shared data is gladly available. On a cluster, as in an MPP system, either the programmer or the compiler has to explicitly transport data from one node to other. Before deploying a cluster as a get a line resource in your environment, you should make sure that your system administrators and programmers are well-off in working in a cluster environment.Getting Started With Linux ClusterAlthoug h clustering can be performed on various operating systems like Windows, Macintosh, Solaris etc. , Linux has its own advantages which are as follows-Linux runs on a long range of hardwareLinux is exceptionally stableLinux source code is freely distributed.Linux is relatively virus free.Having a wide variety of tools and applications for free.Good environment for developing cluster infrastructure.Cluster Overview and TerminologyA compute cluster comprises of a lot of different hardware and software modules with complex interfaces between various modules. In fig 1.3 we show a simplified concept of the key layers that form a cluster. pursual sections give a brief overview of these layers.4.) Parallel computing and Distributed Computing systemParallel computingIt is the concurrent execution of some permutation of multiple instances of programmed instructions and data on multiple processors in order to achieve results faster.A parallel computing system is a system in which computer wi th more than one processor for parallel processing. In the past, each processor of a multiprocessing system either time came in its own processor packaging, but in recent times-introduced multicore processors contain multiple logical processors in a single package. There are many diverse kinds of parallel computers. They are well-known(a) by the kind of interconnection among the processors (processing elements or PEs) and memory.Distributed Computing SystemThere are two types of distributed Computing systemsTightly coupled system In these systems, there is a single system wide primary memory (address space) that is shared by all the processors. In these systems any communication between the processors usually takes place through the shared memory. In tightly coupled systems, the number of processors that can be usefully deployed is usually small and express mail by the bandwidth of the shared memory. Tightly coupled systems are referred to as parallel processing systemsLoosely c oupled systems In these systems, the processors do not share memory, and each processor has its own local memory. In these systems, all physical communication between the processors is done by passing messages across the network that interconnects the processors. In this type of System Processors are expandable and can have unlimited number of processor. Loosely coupled systems, are referred to as distributed computing systems.Various Models are used for building Distributed Computing System4.1) Minicomputer ModelIt is a simple extension of the centralized time-sharing system. A distributed computing system ground on this classical consists of a few minicomputers or large supercomputers unified by a communication network. Each minicomputer usually has many user simultaneously logged on to it through several terminals linked to it with every user logged on to one exact minicomputer, with remote access to other minicomputers, The network permits a user to access remote resources that are available on same machine other than the one on to which the user is currently logged.The minicomputer model is used when resource sharing with remote users is anticipated.The initial ARPAnet is an example of a distributed computing system found on the minicomputer model.4.2) Workstation ModelWorkstation model consists of several workstations unified by a communication network. The best example of a Workstation Model can be a companys office or a university department which may have quite a few workstation dis stationd throughout a building or campus, with each workstation equipped with its individual criminal record and serving time which is specifically during the night, Notion of using workstation Model is that when certain workstations are idle (not being used), resulting in the looseness of great amounts of CPU time the model connects all these workstations by a high-speed LAN so that futile workstations may be used to process jobs of users who are logged onto to other workstations and do not have adequate processing power at their own workstations to get their jobs handled efficiently.A user logs onto one of the workstations which is his national workstation and submits jobs for execution if the system does not have sufficient processing power for implementation the processes of the submitted jobs resourcefully, it transfers one or more of the processes from the users workstation to some other workstation that is currently ideal and gets the process executed there, and at last the outcome of execution is given affirm to the users workstation deprived of the user being advised of it.The main Issue increases if a user logs onto a workstation that was idle until now and was being used to perform a process of another workstation .How the remote process is to be controlled at this time .To handle this type of problem we have three solutions The first method is to allow the remote process share the resources of the workstation on with its own lo gged-on users processes. This method is lenient to apply, but it setbacks the main idea of workstations helping as personal computers, because if remote processes are permitted to execute concurrently with the logged-on users own processes, the logged-on user does not get his or her fail-safe response.The second method is to kill the remote process. The main disadvantage of this technique is that all the processing done for the remote process gets lost and the file system may be left in an erratic state, making this method repellent.The third method is to migrating the remote process back to its scale workstation, so that its execution can be actd there. This method is tough to implement because it involves the system to support preemptive process migration facility that is stopping the current process when a higher precedence process comes into the execution.Thus we can say that the workstation model is a network of individual workstations, each with its own disk and a local f ile system.The Sprite system and experimental system developed at Zerox PARC are two examples of distributed computing systems, based on the workstation model.4.3) Workstation-Server ModelWorkstation Server Model consists of a limited minicomputers and numerous workstations (both diskful and diskless workstations) but most of them are diskless connected by a high speed communication Network. A workstation with its own local disk is generally called a diskful workstation and a workstation without a local disk is named as diskless workstation.The file systems used by these workstations is either applied either by a diskful workstation or by a minicomputer armed with a disk for file storage. One or more of the minicomputers are used for applying the file system. Other minicomputer may be used for providing other types of service area, such as database service and print service. Thus, every minicomputer is used as a server machine to provide one or more types of services. Therefore in t he workstation-server model, in addition to the workstations, there are dedicated machines (may be specialized workstations) for running server processes (called servers) for handling and providing access to shared resources.A user logs onto a workstation called his home workstation, Normal computation activities required by the users processes are performed at the users home workstation, but requirements for services provided by special servers such as a file server or a database server are sent to a server providing that type of service that performs the users requested activity and returns the result of request processing to the users workstation. Therefore, in this model, the users processes need not be migrated to the server machines for getting the work done by those machines.For better complete system performance, the local disk of diskful workstation is normally used for such purposes as storage of transitory file, storage of unshared files, storage of shared files that are rarely changed, paging activity in virtual(prenominal)-memory management, and caching of remotely accessed data.Workstation Server Model is better than Workstation Model in the following waysIt is much cheaper to use a few minicomputers equipped with large, fast disks than a large number of diskful workstations, with each workstation having a small, slow disk.Diskless workstations are also preferred to diskful workstations from a system maintenance point of view. Backup and hardware maintenance are easier to perform with a few large disks than with many small disks scattered all Furthermore, installing clean releases of software (such as a file server with new functionalities) is easier when the software is to be installed on a few file server machines than on every workstations.In the workstation-server model, since all files are managed by the file servers, users have the flexibility to use any workstation and access the files in the same manner irrespective of which workstation the user is currently logged on .Whereas this is not true with the workstation model, in which each workstation has its local file system, because different mechanisms are needed to access local and remote files. Unlike the workstation model, this model does not need a process migration facility, which is difficult to implement.In this model, a client process or workstation sends a request to a server process or a mini computer for getting some service such as reading a block of a file. The server executes the request and sends back a reply to the client that contains the result of request processing.A user has guarantied response time because workstations are not used for executing remote process. However, the model does not utilize the processing capability of idle workstation.The V-System (Cheriton 1988) is an example of a distributed computing system that is based on the workstation-server model.4.4) Processor-Pool ModelIn the process of pool model the processors are pooled tog ether-to be shared by the users needed. The pool -or processors consist of a large number of micro-computers and minicomputers attached to the network. Each processor in the pool has its own memory to load and run a system program or an application program of the distributed-computing system. The processor-pool model is used for the purpose that most of the time a user does not need any computing power but once in a while he may need a very large amount of computing power for short time (e.g., when recompiling a program consisting of a large number of files after changing a basic shared declaration).In processor-pool model, the processors in the pool have no terminal attached directly to them, and users access the system from terminals that are attached to the network via special devices. These terminals are either small diskless workstations or graphic terminals. A special server called a run server manages and allocates the processors in the pool to different users on a demand bas is. When a user submits a job for computation an appropriate number of Processors are temporarily assigned to his or her job by the run server. In this type of model we do not have a concept of home machine, in this when a user logs on he is logged on to the whole system by default.The processor-pool model allows better utilization of the available processing power of a distributed computing system as in this model the entire processing power of the system is available for use by the current logged-on users, whereas this is not true for the workstation-server model in which several workstations may be idle at a particular time but they cannot be used for processing the jobs of other users.Furthermore, the processor-pool model provides greater flexibility than the workstation-server model as the systems services can be easily expanded without the need to install any more computers. The processors in the pool can be allocated to act as extra servers to carry any additional load arisin g from an increased user community or to provide new services.However, the processor-pool model is usually considered to be unsuitable for high-performance interactive application, program of a user is being executed and the terminal via which the user is interacting with the system. The workstation-server model is generally considered to be more suitable for such applications.Amoeba Mullender et al. 1990. Plan 9 Pike et al. 1990, and the Cambridge Distributed Computing System Needham and Herbert 1982 are examples of distributed computing systems based on the processor-pool model.5) ISSUES IN DESIGNING A DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEMTo design a distributed operating system is a more difficult task than designing a centralized operating system for several reasons. In the design of a centralized operating system, it is assumed that the operating system has access to complete and accurate information about the environment is which it is functioning. In a distributed system, the resourc es are physically separated, their is no common clock among the multiple processors as the delivery of messages is delayed, and not have up-to-date, consistent knowledge about the state of the various components of the underlying distributed system .And lack of up-to-date and consistent information makes many thing (such as management of resources and synchronization of cooperating activities) much harder in the design of a distributed operating system,. For example, it is hard to schedule the processors optimally if the operating system is not sure how many of them are up at the moment.Therefore a distributed operating system must be designed to provide all the advantages of a distributed system to its users. That is, the users should be able to view a distributed system as a virtual centralized system that is flexible, efficient, reliable, secure, and easy to use. To meet this challenge, designers of a distributed operating system must deal with several design issues. Some of the key design issues are5.1) foilThe main goal of a distributed operating system is to make the universe of discourse of multiple computers invisible (transparent) and that is to provide each user the whole tone that he is the only user working on the system. That is, distributed operating system must be designed in such a way that a collection of distinct machines connected by a communication subsystem appears to its users as a virtual unprocessed.Accesses TransparencyAccess transparency typically refers to the situation where users should not need or be able to recognize whether a resource (hardware or software) is remote or local. This implies that the distributed operating system should allow users to access remote resource in the same ways as local resources. That is, the user should not be able to distinguish between local and remote resources, and it should be the responsibility of the distributed operating system to locate the resources and to arrange for servicing user requ ests in a user-transparent manner.Location TransparencyLocation Transparency is achieved if the name of a resource is kept hidden and user mobility is there, that isName transparencyThis refers to the fact that the name of a resource (hardware or software) should not reveal any hint as to the physical location of the resource. Furthermore, such resources, which are capable of being moved from one node to another in a distributed system (such as a file), must be allowed to move without having their names changed. Therefore, resource names must be unique system wide.User Mobility this refers to the fact that no matter which machine a user is logged onto, he should be able to access a resource with the same name he should not require two different names to access the same resource from two different nodes of the system. In a distributed system that supports user mobility, users can freely log on to any machine in the system and access any resource without making any extra effort.Replic ation TransparencyReplicas or copies of files and other resources are created by the system for the better performance and reliability of the data in case of any loss. These replicas are placed on the different nodes of the distributed System. Both, the existence of multiple copies of a replicated resource and the restoration activity should be transparent to the users. Two important issues related to replication transparency are naming of replicas and replication control. It is the responsibility of the system to name the various copies of a resource and to map a user-supplied name of the resource to an appropriate replica of the resource. Furthermore, replication control decisions such as how many copies of resource should be created, where should each copy be placed, and when should a copy be created/deleted should be made entirely automatically by the system in a user -transparent manner.Failure TransparencyFailure transparency deals with masking from the users partial failures in the system,Such as a communication link failure, a machine failure, or a storage device crash. A distributed operating system having failure transparency home will continue to function, perhaps in a degraded form, in the face of partial failures. For example suppose the file service of a distributed operating system is to be made failure transparent. This can be done by implementing it as a group of file servers that closely cooperate with each other to manage the files of the system and that function in such a manner that the users can utilize the file service even if only one of the file servers is up and working. In this case, the users cannot notice the failure of one or more file servers, except for slower performance of file access operations. Be implemented in this way for failure transparency. An attempt to design a completely failure-transparent distributed system will result in a very slow and highly expensive system due to the large amount of redundance required for tolerating all types of failures.Migration TransparencyAn bearing is migrated from one node to another for a better performance, reliability and great security. The aim of migration transparency is to control that the movement of the object is handled automatically by the system in a user-transparent manner. Three important issues in achieving this goal are as followsMigration decisions such as which object is to be moved from where to where should be made automatically by the system.Migration of an object from one node to another should not require any change in its name.When the migrating object is a process, the interposes communication mechanism should ensure that a massage sent to the migrating process reaches it without the need for the sender process to resend it if the receiver process moves to another node before the massage is received.Concurrency TransparencyIn a distributed system multiple users uses the system concurrently. In such a situation, it is economical to sha re the system resource (hardware or software) among the concurrently executing user processes. However since the number of available resources in a computing system is restricted one user processes, must necessarily influence the action of other concurrently executing processes. For example, concurrent update to the file by two different processes should be prevented. Concurrency transparency means that each user has a feeling that he is the sole user of the system and other users do not exist in the system. For providing concurrency transparency, the resort hotel sharing mechanisms of the distributed operating system must have the following propertiesAn event-ordering property ensures that all access requests to various system resources are properly ordered to provide a consistent view to all users of the system.A mutual-exclusion property ensures that at any time at most one process accesses a shared resource, which must not be used simultaneously by multiple processes if program operation is to be correct.A no-starvation property ensures that if every process that is granted a resources which must not be used simultaneously by multiple processes, eventually releases it, every request for that restore is eventually granted.A no-deadlock property ensures that a situation will never occur in which competing process prevent their mutual progress ever though no single one requests more resources than available in the system.Performance TransparencyThe aim of performance transparency is never get