African and Native American Slavery Essay

The 1500’s, a time of discovery, was when the Europeans came to dominate most of the New World. The Europeans traveled to Africa and captured Africans to help develop their land and satisfy their need for power. I feel that the treatment of the Indians and Africans by the Europeans was completely unjustifiable. While the Indians and Africans were less technologically advanced and the Europeans were uneducated, in this particular field, nothing can compensate for the actions of the Europeans. As Europeans began to settle new lands they began their exploration of the foreign worlds. What they found was the opposite of what they expected. They found what they thought was a new breed of humans. In reality they were just Native Americans. These Indians were less technologically advanced than the Europeans. They also worshipped different and multiple gods and ate different foods. Europeans saw this as barbaric, so they treated them as barbarians. In the beginning Native Americans hadn’t the faintest idea of what the Europeans had in mind when they said trade. They figured that when the White Man came and showed all that hospitality they meant it. Of course, they didn’t, the Europeans captured the Indians to be used as slaves. They were also slaughtered and raped because of resistance to leave their land. If any Indians refused to leave their land they would be killed. The women were raped for sick and disgusting reasons. Europeans didn’t feel that the women, or men for that matter, were worth anything as humans so they were beat and raped without any thought about what they might be doing. As we watched the movie Roots, I noticed a part in the movie where they were on a ship and a man brings in a black woman, who was a slave. The man offered her to the ship’s captain and referred to her as a belly warmer. That got me to thinking what could be going on in that man’s head as he said that. When I heard that I was shocked that a man could treat someone like that. People have feelings and cannot be treated as objects. Maybe the Europeans didn’ t realize that these people were, in fact people, and that drove them to this awful conclusion that they could treat people this way. As Europeans settled their land and began to build houses, farms and plantations, they realized that they needed servants to assist them in their farming. So people would travel to Africa capture blacks and then sell them to merchants and plantation owners. They would then beat them and put them to long, grueling work. They would treat them as they did the Indians, and for much the same reason. They figured that since the blacks were black and appeared to be less advanced then they must be less significant. People of the next generation whose parents owned slaves and grew up thinking slaves were okay is understandable. I just don’t feel that anything could justify treating the slaves they way they did. they had absolutely no respect for them. They would savagely beat them to get them to work harder than humanly possible and they would rape the women. I don’t think that I will ever know how any one could do such a thing. I conclusion I strongly feel that the way Europeans treated people that were less technologically advanced is completely and utterly wrong. It is difficult to contemplate what was going on in their heads as they were capturing them, killing them and even raping them. I can not believe how they could think that the color of someone’s ones skin or religious beliefs could make them less human. I am glad I live in a country based on the belief that all men are created equal.

Abraham Lincoln: Issued the Emancipation Proclamation Essay

Many may say eh made things worse, but i beg to argue. Abraham Lincoln is the reason for the civil war people say, but look where it got us! The union won, and the slaves are free. During the Civil war (1861-1865) many actions occurred. When Lincoln was elected President in 1861 South Carolina seceded followed by 6 other sates, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. Four other states threatened to secede as well. Then a month after the 7 seceded they formed a Government. Later on March 4th when Lincoln was elected he said that he didn’t want to take away slavery from the states that already had slavery existing and common in their state. He also said that he would not deal or except secession either. Fort Sumter started the Civil war. See more: Is the Importance of being earnest a satirical play essay Lincoln was sending supplies to Fort Sumter and told them before hand so they would be aware. When they got there South Carolina feared a trick, so they said they would take the supplies then surrender, but his offer was not taken, and thats when the first shot was fired. April 12, 1861 the Civil War had begun. On January 27th, 1862 Lincoln allowed the Union to launch unified aggressive action against the Confederacy. January 1863 Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation that freed the slaves in the states that were still in rebellion on January 1st 1863. The Gettysburg Battlefield was dedicated as a national cemetery, this was a huge war. Over 54 thousand soldiers were killed. The south wasn’t strong enough, and the North succeeded. On April 7th 1865 General Grant called upon General Lee to surrender. Lee sent home his troops and the Civil War ended. Many battles were fought and the Union won over the Confederate. On April 14th President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. John was obsessed with avenging the Confederate defeat.

Causes of the Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Causes of the Civil War - Essay Example The North and the South regions of the country were very different from each other in economic sphere. While the northern regions were industrial developed and people living there "earned their living producing iron, steel, machinery, and cloth in factories" (American History - Overview), the southern part of the USA was oriented to agricultural goods production. Since Missouri Compromise of 1820 the territory of the country had been divided into two parts: industrialised North and agricultural South. The Northern states used paid workers labor who worked in different branches of industry while Southern states used slaves' labor; slaves worked in plantations growing cotton, rice, tobacco and sugar. Such differences between the two parts of the country are the main cause of the Civil War. This development disproportion goes back to the early 1800s when "the Northern states were rapidly becoming industrialized. The population of Northern cities increased" (American History - Overview). Such disproportion resulted in irreconcilable contradictions between the North and the South, and these contradictions in turn resulted in the Civil War between the North and the South. There are also two indirect causes of the Civil War. These are slavery and states' rights. ... Slavery adherents argued that slavery was economically profitable and not wrong. But many slaves didn't want to suffer from their masters' exploitation and fought against it. Some of them came to the North where people had possibility to be paid for their work. Against those who ran away from their masters strict measures were initiated1. But in the same time many slaves took their position for granted considering that it is their destiny and they would be awarded after death. In the 1800s some states of the Southern part of the United States "argued that it was the right of the state to decide whether or not to allow slavery. This right and others are sometimes referred to as 'states' rights.'" (American History - Overview). From this point of view the following documents are especially interesting: these are William H. Seward's Irrepressible Conflict Speech and "Houses Divided" Speech by Abraham Lincoln. William H. Seward, democrat, convicted slavery asserting that "The slave system is one of constant danger, distrust, suspicion, and watchfulness. It debases those whose toil alone can produce wealth and resources for defense, to the lowest degree of which human nature is capable..." (William H. Seward, 1858). He gives examples of slavery in different countries and epochs, such as in Russia, Turkey and some others. He underlines that slavery cannot exist in democratic countries: "In states where the free-labor system prevails, universal suffrage necessari ly obtains, and the state inevitably becomes, sooner or later, a republic or democracy" (William H. Seward, 1858). Abraham Lincoln, republican, was more decisive. He appealed to refuse from slavery and points out that it is impossible for one country

Marriage among the Somali in Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marriage among the Somali in Africa - Essay Example Somalia used to be considered the Land of Punt by the ancient Egyptians (Abdullahi 4). They tended to adore its trees, which were responsible for producing the myrrh and aromatic gum resins frankincense. Punt is mentioned in the Bible, and it came to be known as Cape Aromatica by ancient Romans. Somalia is named for Samale or Samaal the Somali people’s legendary father. Most Somali people are Muslims of Sunni sect, and they share a similar language, Somali. Like all other cultures, the Somali people observe Marriage as a passage rite, as well as a fundamental transformation from childhood to adulthood. Traditionally, Somali marriages have created a bond in men and women, as well as between families and clans. The Somali people’s clan groupings are significant social units. Clan membership plays a vital part in Somali politics and culture and clans are patrilineal. They are divided into sub-clans as well as sub-sub-clans, leading to extended families. Somali marriages us ed to be arranged until recently when things changed. The arrangement occurred commonly between a wealthy older man and a father of the young female he wished to wed. Even in the twenty-first century, in many rural areas these customs still remain valid. The man usually pays a bride price in money or livestock to the female’s family (Gardner and Judy 12). Somali society is ethnically endogamous traditionally. Therefore, in order to prolong ties of alliance, marrying occurs between one ethnic Somali to another ethnic Somali of a different clan. Thus, for instance, a recent study showed that among the 89 marriages contracted by Dhulbahante clan men, 62%, (55) were with Dhulbahante sub-clans’ women. 33.7% (31) were with surrounding clans’ women from other clan families. 4.3 % (3) were with the Darod clan family’s women. Traditionally, Samaal marry someone from outside their family lineage or within the family lineage if it is separated from the male by six g enerations or more (Abdullahi 8). The Arab custom of marrying within a father's family lineage is followed by Saab whereby first cousins often marry each other. After marriage, a Somali bride should live with her husband's family while her own parents provide the household goods and home. However, she retains her family name. The Somali â€Å"community† comprises of a varied and a vast array of social groups, familial bonds, and clans, each of which maintains its own beliefs regarding the concept of marriage. According to some Somalis, a girl is considered appropriate for marrying a provided suitor when she reaches age nine. They believe that, incase a girl has not yet been married, by the time she reaches 15 years the girl may be regarded flawed in some aspect hence viewed as bad luck or an outcast to her family. However, in Somali’s central region, there is a strong belief that a female’s suitability for marriage starts immediately the girl's breasts become no ticeable, despite her age. Though this can lead to an inherently immature and extremely young girl child being married off, it cannot be not regarded as problematic for the â€Å"couple.† in this region Somalis believe that just because a female is young, she is not necessarily unsuitable as a wife. The girl should learn her duties as a wife in the period following her marriage if she got married off at a young age. This dynamic is known as â€Å"

TB Skin Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

TB Skin Testing - Essay Example Potential high risk employees include emergency department personnel, respiratory therapists, microbiology laboratory workers, and pathologists, specialists in pulmonary medicine and nurses in some settings (McGowan, 1983; CDCP 1995). It is imperative to control TB and for this every health-care setting should have a TB infection-control plan. It is crucial because it depends on whether patients with assumed or established TB disease might come across in the setting or whether patients with suspected or confirmed TB disease will be transferred to another health-care setting. The TB infection-control program must encompass administrative controls, environmental controls, and a respiratory-protection program. These are the important control parameters as every location in which services are offered to individuals who have suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease, counting the hospital settings, should have a TB infection-control plan. The following methods must be adopted for TB infection-control program in HCWs settings: 1. ... These are the important control parameters as every location in which services are offered to individuals who have suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease, counting the hospital settings, should have a TB infection-control plan. The following methods must be adopted for TB infection-control program in HCWs settings: 1. Supervisory responsibility is essential for the TB infection-control program and this should be given to the authorized person deputed for the same. The supervisor must be supported to carry out the risk assessment for tuberculosis. HCWs must be educated to take the required training and ensure their actions in the direction of disease control. 2. Proper training is required to perform and enforce the TB infection-control program. 3. Atleast one person be designated to whom the problems must be addressed. 4. A protocol must be developed to get a TB infection-control plan and must be updated annually. 5. The problem must be evaluated and prompt recognition be made. 6. A contact investigation must be made in co-ordination with the local or state health department. 7. Implement and maintain environmental controls, including airborne infection isolation (AII) room(s) (see Supplement, "Environmental Controls" in the original guideline document). 8. Respiratory-protection program must be applied. 9. Constant training programme must be done to keep the HCWs updated and well-informed. (NGC Recommendations) Significance: It is very imperative to understand the implications of TB and therefore considering the repercussions of the infection, PPD skin test is arranged on a routine basis. It is the prime responsibility to the HCWs to keep a check of their records when to undergo PPD skin test. The best method to remember this is through the

Orientalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Orientalism - Essay Example The concept of orientalism is known to have initiated the commencement if the different modern throughts such as the post colonial theory. Upon the publication of the book, it had been recognized as one of the most controversial work in the last three decades. It had been considered as an important reference even in the academic institutions that it was translated to 26 different languages. There are two main concepts that are included in the theory of orientalism. These are prejudice and racism towards the people in the middle east such as the Arabic population. Orientalism is synonymous to stereotyping of the western region inclusive of the United States and Europe towards the Middle Eastern population. According to the thesis of Said, orientalism is a highly motivated notion resulting from a preconceived objective (Said â€Å"Orientalism Part One†). There are different points discussed in the interview of Edward Said. These include the repertory of orientalism, the relationship between orientalism and imperialism, American orientalism, the present day orientalist view, effects of orientalism and the relationship with the Palistine question which is another issue explored by the author. In the repertory of orientalism, the main point of discussion is the components of orientalist perspective. Said described the unrealistic representation of the east that is even advocated by the specialists of different fields. The said view even established a representation of the Arabic people outside history such as the mystecism as if the people in the Middle East did not developed through the centuries (Said â€Å"Orientalism Part One†). Another point is the connection between the development of the orientalist thought and the age of imperialist conquest of the western region specifically Britain and France. During the era of the empires in Europe military and ideological conquests were undertaken. An example given is the Napoleon occupation in Egypt where

Change management of Toyota and Nissan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Change management of Toyota and Nissan - Essay Example The paper throws light on change management as a controlled approach employed to deal with changes both from the discernment of a human being or an organisation. It is a realistic method which involves altering individuals, teams, and organisations from an existing state to the preferred or future state. It is a managerial practice which intends to help employees in acknowledging the changes in their current industry environment. A change process or change management process is a set of actions that helps a group of members to control the specific change efficiently. The change process facilitates to trace the change requests, to evaluate and to endorse the requests, before execution. This mechanism eases the process of alteration. However, change is present in both personal and professional lives. Therefore, change management is the process which is utilised by organisations so as to accomplish their prospective goals. Change management process utilises varied tactics and procedures in order to achieve final objectives. Moreover, the process of change can be implemented effectively only if members coordinate and accept the change in a positive manner. It is the liability of the employees to manage change in such a way so that it enhances the effectiveness as well as provides inspiration and augments morale of employees of an organisation. Along with the employees, the superiors of an organisation are also responsible for proper adoption and implementation of changes. This can be done only with the help of proper communication and harmonisation among the employees of organisation. Proper management of a change can augment dedication and motivation of the employees towards work thereby improving productivity, firmness and profitability of organisation (Nakae, 2005). Hence, it can be avowed that change management is one of the significant systems utilised by organisations so as to retain and cope up with the cultural challenges of the current scenario. Change man agement is a practice utilised for sustaining in the global environmental conditions among other competitors in the long run (Fahy & Cunningham, 2007). The assignment mainly provides a concise understanding of the prime reasons for change, change management process adopted and the problems faced by the members of the organisations after adoption of the change. The organisations selected for the assignment are Toyota and Nissan. Discussion Change management is the process of scheduling, executing and evaluating of changes so as to cope up with the exigent environment. In order to sustain in this competitive environment, change is essential, so the practice of change management is also mandatory. The procedures of change management are mainly utilised so as to improve the level of potentials of employees and productivity along with development of new tactics, techniques and management systems. Change management process occurs due to diverse reasons in assorted organisations but in thi s assignment, internal issues related to human resource are predominantly highlighted. Reasons for Change Nissan Motor Company Ltd is one of the leading car producer organizations of Japan. It is a reputed trade name in the sector of automobile, and markets its cars with the brand name Datsun. It came into existence in the year 1934. Since then, Nissan Motor Company Ltd is adopting and accepting variety of changes in order to retain a reputed brand image in the competitive market of Japan. Moreover, in order to retain its uniqueness in the market among other competitors, change management is essential. However, in order to retain its market share and sustainability, Nissan Motors tied up with two other reputed automotive giants named Daimler and Renault (Renault, 2010). The prime objective behind this international collaboration is mutual

The Arab-Israeli Conflict and its Correlation to Cold War Tensions Term Paper - 1

The Arab-Israeli Conflict and its Correlation to Cold War Tensions - Term Paper Example nger held the status of power, and U.S and Soviet Union were regarded as the two superpowers thus fueling the Cold War tensions that would dominate the coming decades. Rothwell (2001) claims that the end of Second World War led to the collapse of League of Nations and subsequent formation of the United Nations that oversaw the creation of State of Israel in 1948 thus fueling the Arab-Israel conflict. From the Soviet Union perspective, the large Germany population in the Eastern Europe countries was a potential threat to another war and Western allies were determined to secure a lasting peace in Poland and neighboring countries through the expulsion of the Germans (Peitsch, Burdett & Gorrara, 2006). Accordingly, Soviet Union wanted to exert its influence on the satellite states and ultimately entrench communism ideals and punish German for the collective atrocities and brutalities during the War (Uris, (2011). The Arab-Israel conflict has similarities with World War 2 and Cold War since all the wars entailed expansionist doctrines since Germany desired to expand their territories while Israel expanded its territory during the war (Rieber, 2000). The Arab-Israel War led to expulsion of thousands of Palestinians from their land in order to create a homogenous Jewish society and expand the territory in order to create military defense lines. The Cold War period was dominated by development of nuclear arsenal, proxy wars, propaganda, technological competitions and psychological warfare since the US and its allies wanted to contain the powerful Eastern bloc countries and challenge the Soviet Union. The destruction of Versailles settlement and growth of Germany hegemony over Eastern Europe led to fundamental changes in the ethnic composition of the population in neighboring countries and ultimately triggered German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. Snyder (2013) asserts that the initial expulsion entailed evacuation of Germans due to advancing Red Army in mid 1944

Main motivation for corporate social and environmental reporting Essay

Main motivation for corporate social and environmental reporting - Essay Example Those businesses that are responsible for their operations and other actions are at the heart of the community. The Organizations that understand their various links with society members they work with and their effects on the environment are likely to flourish in the end. Gilbert et al. (2011) noted that reporting on the environmental performance of the business benefits them in many ways such as motivating internal and external citizens to invest in the business. This essay is going to discuss the main motivation for corporate social and environmental reporting. The essay will begin by briefly explaining corporate social report, corporate image, corporate credibility, and the stakeholder theory that will enable us to understand the reasons why corporate social and environmental reporting is important. Delmas and Toffel (2011) defined corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a process whereby enterprises take initiative to evaluate and accept responsibilities for the business consequences on the surrounding environment and the results on the social welfare of the citizens in their locality. Corporate social reporting may incur short-term costs that may not provide financial profits to the business immediately but rather enhances a positive environmental and social change for the organization. Dilling (2009) observed that many large enterprises have devoted their money and real time to social welfare initiatives, environmental sustainability programs, and alternative energy sources in order to benefit and motivate more customers, employees and the society. Delmas and Montes-Sancho (2011) defined corporate image as the overall representation of a firm in the diverse minds of the public such as investors, customers and the employees. The mental picture comes up when the business name is mentioned because of certain activities they do in their Company. Deegan (2002) noted corporate

HOW DOES INTERPROFESSIONAL WORKING IMPACT ON PROFESSIONAL Essay

HOW DOES INTERPROFESSIONAL WORKING IMPACT ON PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE CLINICAL SETTING - Essay Example The patient will be referred to as Mr. X to maintain confidentiality as stated in the nursing and midwifery code of professional conduct (2007). The author’s interest in Mr. X is based on his clinical experience and reflection of his involvement in the delivery of his care. The positive and negative aspects of inter-professional team will be discussed. Also, the author will use appropriate literature to examine how responsibility and accountability can be enhanced through inter-professional working. According to Alan (2007), Inter-professional working is defined as a practice where a number of professionals with different qualifications come together to meet a particular target. Some of their characteristics include direct service delivery, good professional relationship, collaboration and communal trust. Further, Matrix and Weeds (2007) describe Inter-professional working as a group of professionals with complementary skills, who are committed to a common purpose and hold themselves mutually accountable for its achievement. Inter-professional working includes collaborative practice, multi-professional working and team working. This is supported by Mickan and Rodger, (2000a) who describe teamwork as shared and agreed responsibilities, decision making and problem solving. The members of an inter-professional team communicate effectively in order to provide quality patient care. According to Braine (2006), clinical governance should be viewed as an opportunity to improve care delivery in the aftermath of some highly publicised failures in the NHS in the 1990s. The most notable of these was the Bristol Royal Infirmary Inquiry (2001) which accounts for 23 deaths of cardiac surgical paediatric patients. Other notable cases were the Royal Liverpool Children’s Inquiry (Alder Hey Inquiry), the case of the GP Harold Shipman (Smith 2005), and the trial of the nurse Beverly Allitt in 1993

Understand how to set up a home based childcare service Essay Example for Free

Understand how to set up a home based childcare service Essay This was the name of the green paper produced in response to the laming inquiry into the death of Victoria Climbie in 2000. It went on to form the basis of the 2004 children’s act. The paper lists five outcomes which were identified in consultation with children and young people; Being healthy; enjoying good physical and mental health and living a healthy lifestyle staying safe; being protected from harm and neglect. Enjoying and achieving ; getting the most out of life and developing the skills for adulthood making a positive contribution; being involved with the community and society and not engaging in anti-social or offending behaviour economic well- being; not being prevented by economic disadvantage from achieving their full potential in life. Children’s act 2004 This act sets out the processes for integrating services to children in England and wales, requiring local authorities and their partners to co-operate in promoting the welfare and wellbeing of children.it created the post of children’s commissioner for England and introduced the requirement for local authorities to have a director of children’s services. Children’s act 1989 First acknowledgement in UK law of children’s rights, none as ‘the needs of the child are paramount`. Education act 1993   Secretary of state are required to publish a code of practise for children with special educational needs parents of children under 2 years have the right to ask for the child to be formally assessed. Data protection act 1998 It protects sensitive personal information being published without a person’s consent. where children are involved consent has to be given by a parent or guardian. Food safety (general food hygiene) regulations 1995 Local authorities require registered child-minder’s are to register with their local environmental health department and obtain the following  document. ‘safer food, better business for childminders` Special educational needs and disability act 2001 This act protects persons from discrimination on the grounds of a disability, and it requires that reasonable adjustments must be made to services, provisions and/or premises so that disabled persons do not suffer significant disadvantages compared to non-disabled persons. Children are covered by this legislation as they are persons in the eyes of the law. Role of regulatory bodies Regulatory bodies in the UK are Ofsted (England) The fundamental role of these regulatory bodies is to ensure that all children receive the best possible care in all settings a child attends away from their home. The systems they have in place will also reassure parents, guardians and carers who have to be able to entrust their child to an organisation or individual to look after. They will make sure you meet the welfare requirement’s and learning and development requirement’s as set out in the early years statutory framework for the early years foundation stage, Are a suitable person to provide care for children and can promote an environment where children are well cared for, are safe and their learning and development is catered for. The regulatory bodies have processes and systems to control home based childcare in the following ways. Registration – This covers checks on you, other adults who live with you and the premises where you plan to carry out your business. Inspection This is when inspectors carry out checks on the service you offer and on you once you are registered they produce a report which is then available on the websites of the regulatory bodies and must be offered to parents. Investigation – Following a complaint or concern, an inspector may carry out an investigation into your childcare service to make sure that you are meeting and complying with the welfare requirements. This is in addition to an inspection. Enforcement – If you do not meet the welfare requirements  or standards of your country, the regulatory body can take action against you.in England there are five general welfare requirements. Safeguarding and promoting children’s welfare Suitable people Suitable premises, environment and equipment Organisation Documentation. 1.2 Develop policies and procedures for; * Accidents, illness and emergencies The safety of your child is paramount and I will take every measure I can to protect your child from hurting themselves. However, sometimes accidents do happen. I have written the following procedure on how I will deal with such a situation: *I will comfort the child and reassure them. *I will assess the extent of their injuries and if necessary call for medical support/ambulance. *I will give any first aid procedures that are necessary. I have been trained to carry out to these procedures and have required certificate. *Once the child is more settled I will contact you as soon as possible to inform you of the accident, and if necessary I will ask you to return to care for your child / meet me at the hospital. After every accident, however minor I will: *Complete a report in my accident book. *Ask you to sign the report. If the incident requires any medical treatment then I will: *Inform Ofsted *Inform my Insurance Company. *Contact the NCMA for additional advice/support. It is important that you keep me informed regarding your child’s condition following an accident and if you have sought medical advice. Back up registered childminder:_____________________________ Known responsible adult:________________________ *Behaviour Biting can be an uncomfortable subject for parents of both the biter and the child who is bitten. I hope that this policy will explain how I deal with biting in my home. Please do discuss any concerns you may have regarding this issue with me. If your child is known to bite I would prefer to know in advance. Children bite for a variety of reasons. This may be because they are teething, frustrated, exploring using their mouth, asserting their independence and wanting to gain control, maybe of a toy or they could be stressed. It may also be because they want to gain attention. I will work with you and your child to establish when and why they are biting. I will observe the child closely to see if certain conditions or situations trigger the behavior and then work with them to try and avoid the incidents occurring. This may involve altering the child’s routine, giving them more one to one attention, purchasing additional resources so sharing is not such a major issue or if it is because a child is teething provide suitable teething resources. I will ensure that if a child is bitten that they are comforted and given lots of attention. I will ensure that any first aid is applied correctly if required and the incident will be recorded in my book and parents asked to sign it. If your child bites then I will remove them from the situation. I will explain to them, according to their age and understanding that biting is unacceptable behavior. For younger child this may be by my tone of voice and facial expressions rather than lots of words. It may be necessary for me to exclude the child from an activity and use ‘time out’ until they are calm enough to return. I will also encourage the child to apologize to the child they have bitten and work with them to develop strategies to help them deal with the reasons. Many children go through a stage of biting, please don’t be alarmed it doesn’t last forever! Please sign and date to say you have read and understand Managing Behavior Policy Promoting positive behavior is very important and I do this by: *Giving lots of praise for good behavior *Giving the children individual attention so they feel valued *Setting a good example, being a good role model *Listening to what the children have to say *Rewarding good behavior (choosing next activity etc) *Giving children stickers for good behavior, sharing etc. I help the children understand my house rules, which are realistic and I am consistent in the enforcing of them. I do not give out confusing signals, Saying No means No! I am aware of the different reasons why children misbehave and will endeavour to keep to routines so that your child feels safe and is not over tired or hungry. However all children will misbehave at sometime. I have developed several different strategies on how to deal with a child misbehaving and use different ones depending on the age/stage of ability of the child and the situation: *Distraction. Remove the child from the situation and give them an alternative activity. *Ignore. Depending on the situation I may ignore the bad behavior as I feel it is being done to get a reaction. *Discuss with Child. If the child is able to understand I will discuss their behavior and try and get them to appreciate the consequences of their actions on others. I inform them that it is their behavior I do not like, not them. *Time Out. Removing the child from the activity and sitting them quietly for a few minutes. I will never smack, shake or hurt your child. I will not humiliate your child. If a child misbehaves I will let you know by either writing it in their contact book or by ringing you later after collection. Some children can become upset if the incident is retold in front of them. I will also inform you of how the matter was dealt with. If you have any concerns regarding the managing of your child’s behavior, please do not hesitate to contact me. It is important that we work together on managing behavior in order not to confuse your child. Please sign and date to say you have read and understand *safeguarding My responsibility as a childminder is to ensure the safety and welfare of children in my care. I have received training on safeguarding children issues and am aware of the signs and symptoms of abuse, physical, emotional and sexual, and those of neglect. If I have any reason to suspect a problem I will seek advice from the Child Protection Team and / or discuss with the parent. If I have reason to believe that any child in my care is being  abused in any way I will follow the local safeguarding children board procedures and report the matter to the Social Services. Under these circumstances I will not be able to keep information relating to your child confidential, but will need to share it with Ofsted, Social Services and the Police if requested. Please sign and date to say you have read and understand Equal opportunities I give all children in my care the opportunity to reach their full potential. Sometimes this means adapting an activity to the child’s ability and stage of development, providing additional resources or giving one child more attention and support than others during a particular activity or routine. All children in my care are given the opportunity to play with all the toys (subject to health and safety with children under 3 years of age). No toys are just for girls or just for boys. I try to ensure my toys reflect positive images of children and people from different cultures and with different abilities. No child in my care will be discriminated against in anyway, whether for their skin colour, culture, gender, ability or religion. I will challenge any remarks that I feel are inappropriate. I encourage the children in my care to learn more about their own culture and to find out about the culture and religions of other children. We do in this in a fun way through sharing book s, cooking and eating food from around the world. I encourage the children to develop a healthy respect of each other’s differences and to value everyone as an individual. I encourage Parents to share with us any festivals, special occasions or artefacts, which may enhance the children’s learning and understanding. Please sign and date to say you have read and understand All these policies will be implemented by letting the parents no on signing the contract and experience along the way as working as a professional child-minder. 1.3 Explain the importance of confidentiality and data protection. It is important to maintain confidentiality in order to build a relationship of trust between the parent and child-minder. It is important that they can trust you with their personal data and have peace of mind that  you will respect data they have provided. A child –minder is looking after the parent’s most precious thing in their life their child, therefore a relationship of trust and a mutual respect is incredibly important. One sure way of losing this trust is to disrespect the importance of the data to which you are provided. If you cannot be trusted with personal information it may become difficult for a parent to trust you with their child. It is also important to maintain confidentiality to protect the children the children in your care as well as their families, sharing information with the consent of the parent can be of great benefit as long as every party involved is working for the best interest of the child. In the interest of safety the sharing of information could save a child’s life for example medical issues or allergies. Sharing of information can also support learning as a setting can build a solid base for teaching based on a child’s likes and dislikes. If there is an issue at home that affects the child’s behaviour or progress for instance a family death sharing of information can help all involved understand the situation and deal with it appropriately. The main priority should be the interest of the child and this is where it is important to have up to date record, respectfully handled and shared responsibly with parent’s permission.

Bidding Strategy of Construction Companies

Bidding Strategy of Construction Companies Introduction This report aims to assess the value to construction companies of having a defined bidding strategy that is complied with when tendering for new work. The majority of construction companies have a bidding strategy of some form whether it is specified or not, in the instance that a company does not engage in a process of selection when approaching new work then they will offer little value as they would be pricing every job available regardless of the contract value, location, programme or their previous experience of that type of work. At the time of writing the UK economy (in particular the construction industry) remains gripped by the instability and uncertainty created by the financial market turmoil that occurred throughout 2007 2008 leading to the greatest economic crisis and subsequent recession since the Great Depression of the 1930s (Brunnermeier, Markus K., 2009). As such construction companies are faced with a market place as competitive as any in living memory, for most turnover and profits have dropped significantly and this subsequently applies extra emphasis to the importance of the tendering process. The report will firstly review the literature available on bidding strategies in the construction industry with a brief review of the effects of the recession on contractors bidding prices. The literature review will then be advanced upon by conducting an assessment of the bidding strategy utilised by Dawn Construction Ltd, a main contractor operating in the central belt of Scotland. 2.0 Bidding Strategy 2.1 Definition A bidding strategy can be described as a wide range of applied techniques and timing in order to achieve predetermined objectives. Brook (2008) offers the following analogy It is interesting to note that in military terms, the word strategy means the skilful management of an army in such a way as to deceive the enemy and win a campaign. In business the stated objectives can sometimes be achieved by deceiving the opposition but principally the specified objective is to be successful in winning contracts at prices which would allow the organisation to carry out the work profitably In effect a bidding strategy is the decision by a company on which work to price for and the level of profit to incorporate in order to successfully secure the project and maintain the businesses financial security. 2.2 The Tender Process Under traditional circumstances the tender process for a contractor commences with the clients invitation to tender. Upon receipt the contractors response will be shaped by several factors, ultimately though the volume of available work will determine the eagerness of the contractor to price the tender. Very few contractors will actually outright decline the opportunity to price work for a reputable client, in the instance where the contractor does not want to price a tender for whatever reason it is more likely that he will price the work using uncompetitive rates in order to ensure they do not win the contract.(Smith, 1995) This practice is commonly referred to as cover pricing and the primary objective of it is for the contractor to avoid work that he does not want to undertake without insulting the client and being removed from his future tender lists. Although cover pricing was made illegal in 2000, it is still regularly employed by contractors who differentiate between submitti ng a price that is non-competitive and the act of colluding with others in a bid-rigging process. (Bingham, 2009) 2.3 Decision to Tender Prior to committing to pricing a project a contractor must carefully consider his decision to tender as every job he prices costs the company money and reduces the resources available to price other work. Some contractors engage in a grading system when they receive a tender (i.e. a grading range of 1-4), this is in order to prioritise enquiries and put emphasis on winning the types of projects best suited to the company. Others prefer to approach each tender with the aspiration of winning the contract, allowing their price to be influenced only by perceived risk and relevant market factors. Where circumstances change during the bidding process perhaps the contractor wins another contract unexpectedly this can be taken into account at adjudication stage. (Cook Williams, 2004) Cooke Williams (2004) cite the following as key factors in influencing a contractors decision to tender: General Is it our kind of work? What is the current workload? Working Capital Is there sufficient working capital to fund the project? What will be the effect on company financial resources? Availability of Resources Do we have the resources available to price? Do we have the site labour available to undertake? Are suitable subcontractors available? Location Is the project located within our trading area? What management and control problems will there be with a contract located some miles from head office? Size Type of Work What is the monetary value of the project? Is the contract too big for the company to undertake? How did the company perform on similar types of work in the past? Subcontract element What is the extent and value of the contractors work in the project compared with the subcontract element? Is the main contractor simply being asked to manage a number of subcontractors? Is a reasonable mark-up on subcontractors likely? General Is it our kind of work does it fit into strategic plan? What is the current workload in both the contracts division and the estimating section? Do we have the financial and management resources to undertake the work? Working Capital Is sufficient working capital available to fund the project? What will be the effect on company financial resources? The working capital required to fund a  £500,000.00 project will be approximately 15-20% of the monetary value at the peak funding month (say  £100,000- £150,000) Availability of Resources General management personnel (e.g. contracts managers, planning engineers, quantity surveyors) Site management (e.g. site agents, foremen/gangers, site engineers) Labour and plant Subcontractors are suitable subcontractors available and what is their resource situation? Location Is the project located within our trading area? What management and control problems will there be with a contract located some miles from head office? Size Type of Work What is the monetary value of the project? Is the contract too big for the company to undertake? Taking on a project which is too big could be damaging to future planning and growth What impact will there be on the viability of the business if the contract fails to make an adequate margin? If a contractor with an annual turnover of  £10 million wins a  £4 million contract and this project makes a loss, the whole business could be put at risk. A major project could give the company severe liquidity problems How did the company perform on similar types of work in the past? Bibliography Construction planning programming Control Brian Cooke Peter Williams Finance Control for Construction Chris March

Amendments of Public Entertainments and Meetings Act (PMA)

Amendments of Public Entertainments and Meetings Act (PMA) To whom it may concern, As a dutiful Singaporean citizen who is deeply concerned with the tidings of our local arts industry, I am writing in to exhort the Media Development Authority (MDA) to review the proposed amendments of the Public Entertainments and Meetings Act (PEMA) that was released on May 12th 2014. I also refer to Ms. Corrie Tan’s article titled, â€Å"Art of Censorship in Singapore† (The Straits Times, 7 June 2014). I understand that the aforementioned proposition seeks to establish a â€Å"co-regulatory partnership† with local art practitioners by â€Å"empowering arts entertainment event organisers to classify their own performances whilst adhering to community standards and expectations† (MDA, 2014a). Consequently, a new Arts Term Licensing Scheme which mandates the obligatory training of individual artists from local art companies by the MDA as qualified â€Å"content assessors† for â€Å"self-classification† has been edict. Whilst the general outlook of the said proposal may be well meaning in nature as it confers a window peek to MDA’s progressive shift toward the relegation of some of its authority over content classification to its relevant communities (The Straits Times, 10 June 2014), in this case, the arts to local art practitioners, a closer examination upon the various stratums underlying the scheme has left me exceedingly troubled as many fundamental assumptions rooted in its conception, albeit seemingly benign on paper, remains deeply problematic in both practice as well as in spirit. Accordingly, I note that the concepts of â€Å"self-classification†, â€Å"co-regulation†, and â€Å"empowerment† of the local arts industry as posited in the new scheme, falls on a highly erroneous continuum of prevarication as they have not been veritably demonstrated. The notion of â€Å"self-classification† suggests that local art practitioners are granted with an autonomous, free-willed, and imperative role of contribution in the development and undertaking of the classification guidelines. Yet, such has been reflected otherwise in practice as the â€Å"classification† of art works remain subjugated to the prescribed criterions solely ordained by the MDA, without assembling any prior consultations or discussions with art practitioners (Arts Engage, 2014a). In addition, â€Å"self-classification† implies the absence of censorship wherein art works merely follow a catalogue of classification ratings and are never subjected to prohibition. However, the â€Å"Not Allowed for Ratings† category (MDA, 2014c) – in other words, a euphemism for censorship – runs contradictory to the idea of â€Å"self-classification†. It seems that this new scheme by MDA is but a reinstatement of the same old perilous template of censorship in Singapore where authorities are conceived as the unequivocal â€Å"arbiters of tastes† (McGuigan, 1996), rather than trusting artists to be ethically, morally, or socially responsible, and that of my fellow Singaporeans’ capacity to judge an art work critically. Under the principles of classification published in the 2010 report by the Censorship Review Committee (CRC Report, 2010), it was stated that â€Å"classification boundaries must be set according to community standards determined via an engagement process involving the regulator, community, and the industry.† This suggests the presence of an open, transparent, and inclusive process of engagement amongst artists, authorities, and members of the public to determine the perimeters of classification – as in tandem with MDA’s ideals of â€Å"consultation† and working closely with â€Å"expertise and perspectives of a wide spectrum of society† (MDA, 2014b) and the purported notion of â€Å"co-regulation†. However, this is not reflected in truth as the new Arts Term Licensing Scheme which edicts artists to be trained by the MDA as â€Å"qualified content assessors† is but a guise of the state policing the arts by proxy as these â€Å"content assessors† are strictly tethered to executing MDA’s rules. Instead of creating an ingenuous engagement between art practitioners and the MDA where genuine partnership and shared responsibilities may be fostered, artists are merely subjugated as extensions of MDA’s censorships. This, I believe is not â€Å"co-regulation†, but a faà §ade for self-censorship. More notably, such a move resembles that of a â€Å"panopticon† surveillance (Foucault, 1977) with MDA’s pervasiveness at â€Å"disciplining† and â€Å"normalizing† artistic expression on both a macro and micro level by implanting seemingly innocuous â€Å"content assessors† within the heart of art companies – so that whilst MDA’s presence appears to be incognito on the surface, their regulations still remain executed with stringency. Not only is this highly inimical to one’s artistic innovation and creativity (Arts Engage, 2014b), I believe that the fear of non-conformance would fester like an insidious wound that ultimately undermines the development of our arts industry, and on a grandeur scale, the growth of our society as a harmonious whole – as it would not be instilled within my fellow Singaporeans recognize and acknowledge the varying nuances when it comes to the interpretation of art (Chee Meng, 2014). With such an intolerant perspective that fails to conceive art as an outset for constructive discourse, how then can our nation truly blossom into a â€Å"Global City of the Arts† as our leaders have envisioned? Furthermore, it was acknowledged in the 2003 report of Censorship Review Committee that a â€Å"one-size-fits-all† paradigm of censorship is increasingly non-viable given the heterogeneous and ever-changing society of Singapore (CRC Report, 2003). Thus, it seems that this â€Å"new† approach by MDA is not only paradoxical, but terribly regressive. Additionally, whilst the MDA has stressed that the Arts Term Licensing Scheme is â€Å"optional† suggesting that artists have a â€Å"choice† in the matter, it appears that this is but a shrewd attempt by the authorities at veiling a false dichotomy to our art practitioners as they are essentially caught in between continuing the present regime where MDA issues all classifications and advisories, or that of a seemingly â€Å"different† system that is inherently the same as the former since â€Å"content assessors† are specially trained to heed MDA’s specifications. As such, I question MDAâ₠¬â„¢s sincerity at â€Å"co-regulation† and all of its supposed â€Å"ideals† of openness, engagement, inclusiveness, and transparency. In line with the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore which delineates that every Singaporean citizen possess the rights of freedom of speech (Attorney General’s Chambers, 2010) – in this case, the â€Å"speech† is expressed via the modus of art – MDA’s new scheme appears to be a flagrant violation of that democracy and with it, the concept of a â€Å"public sphere† (Habermas, 1964) where there an open space that allows for the exploration of ideas free from overbearing restrictions. If our nation is truly a democratic society, why then is the MDA imposing such harsh regulations of self-censorship upon our artists who simply yearns for art as a medium of expression, and that of mine, and my fellow Singaporean’s freedom of choice in enjoying art in all its various forms? By limiting the creations of artists, allowing audiences to be only be granted access to what is deemed as â€Å"appropriate content†, and creating a rift of division between â€Å"content assessors† and their colleagues all in the name of â€Å"public good†, is the MDA genuinely â€Å"protecting† social harmony, or is this simply a circumvented attempt at regulating a power relationship between us citizens and the state (McGuigan, 1996). In a similar vein, MDA’s espoused notion of â€Å"empowering† art practitioners by according them the prerogative in deciding the classification of their art works remains highly contentious as in practice, artists are subjugated to the strict adherence of MDA’s policing mechanisms by proxy and consequently, are renounced of any leeway to exercise their personal liberties. How then are our art practitioners â€Å"empowered† by the new scheme? Not only is this positioning of the Arts Term Licensing Scheme prevaricating to artists, it also misleads the general public into believing that the new scheme should be embraced unequivocally as it seemingly liberates our artists. As such, it seems that this assertion of â€Å"empowerment† is naught but a surreptitious attempt by the MDA at egregiously eluding all of the said problems underlying self-censorship as the scheme constructs a delusory appearance – resembling that of a â€Å"pseudo-publicâ⠂¬  sphere as postulated by Habermas (1964) – where decisions seem to be â€Å"personally† dictated by artists (i.e. public) and are seemingly â€Å"independent† of MDA’s (i.e. authority’s) intrusiveness. It is thus, disappointing to note that whilst the MDA advocates values of integrity (MDA, 2014b), such has been demonstrated otherwise in this case. More eminently, the scheme’s postulated idea that artists are to face harsh punishments including a $5,000 penalty for â€Å"non-compliance† to MDA’s regulations simply nullifies any notions of â€Å"co-regulatory partnership†, â€Å"empowerment†, whilst invoking an undercurrent of fear that only aggrandizes self-censorship. This, I believe is tantamount to regulative censorship of punitive state sanction taking on the faà §ade of constitutive censorship (Jansen, 1991) where it appears that our artists are merely â€Å"self-regulating†. With the encroachment of hefty penalties associated with â€Å"misclassification†, and MDA’s lack of clarity upon the assessment and appeal processes, what then is of MDA’s assistant chief executive, Mr. Christopher Ng’s claim that authorities would be â€Å"reasonable and fair† (Chee Meng, 2014) in the evaluation such a situation? Consequently, it also seems that this new s cheme has evinced upon an underlying distrusts of art practitioners within our society – as if artists are subversive individuals to be blot away. This, in turn, has perpetuated a fabricated sense of dichotomy of â€Å"artists versus community†, where in truth, our artists and art practitioners are also fellow citizens, parents, â€Å"heart landers†, and are very much part of Singapore and our community at large (Arts Engage, 2014a) . Instead of creating an unnecessary chasm between artists, the general public, and the authorities, as reflected in the present paradigm where the MDA is seen to be the â€Å"mediator† between disgruntled members of the public and a group of seemingly seditious artists that warrants to be â€Å"subdued†, it would be that much more purposeful for the growth of our nation, communities, and our people if we could see ourselves as a collective whole and reconcile our differences through an open, shared discourse, as opposed to mere coercion by proxy. Whilst I understand the imperativeness of MDA’s advisories in aiding audiences to make better informed choices, it is equally important to underscore that such classifications should really be meant as a general â€Å"caution†, and that delving beyond that into micro-managing the entirety of an art work only serves to backfire as not only does it impugn upon artistic integrity and the true spirit of artistic endeav our (Arts Engage, 2014a), it ultimately renders our artistic practices bleak and sterile. Rather than imposing such stringent aseptic rules, we ought to be encouraging a greater degree of sophistication and open-minded appreciation of the arts amongst the public such that it is imbued within our society the capacity to recognize that there is always more than a single â€Å"right† way in which the arts may relate to us (Chee Meng, 2014). If we could devote our efforts into nurturing a greater pool of art critics – be it in terms of adept professionals or greenhorn amateurs – in lieu of â€Å"content assessors†, we would then be able to engage in a much more active and meaningful discourse on the merits of our artistic output which I believe, would assist in establishing that much needed breadth of an open, receptive, and constructive dialogue between our artists and the MDA authorities, consequently forging an improved relationship of trust and respect that would be beneficent to all. Perhaps, a system of regulation that entails an open, consistent, and transparent process, in which discussions may be laid bare for public critique, whose jurisdiction are composed of knowledgeable, publicly-informed, and impartial members principled upon an arms-length approach from any political interests, and whose decision-making processes are periodically subjected to review by an independent body, would better serve to inspire confidence not only from our artists, but within that of my fellow Singaporeans to both the MDA authorities and our local arts industry, as well as across governments (Arts Engage, 2014b). This, I strongly assert is one of the many fundamental steps that we must take together if the MDA genuinely seeks to foster a â€Å"co-regulatory† partnership that â€Å"empowers† our art practitioners and audiences alike. Indeed, the arts should be appreciated in all of its variegated diversity, fluidity, and sublime nuances – that it is an inherent part and parcel of one’s intellectual and emotional growth that cannot be merely subjugated or predetermined by those contending privileged tastes or moral claims. Once again, I sincerely implore the relevant MDA authorities reconsider the proposed amendments of PEMA 2014, and to engage with representative citizen bodies as well as artists in another round of consultations before officially implementing the new scheme. I look forward to hearing from you, Thank you. Yours sincerely, Karen Lim.

Purpose of the Monetary and Fiscal Policies in America :: Economy

Purpose of the Monetary and Fiscal Policies in America The Monetary and Fiscal Policies, although controlled by two different organizations, are the ways that our economy is kept under control. Both policies have their strengths and weaknesses, some situations favoring use of both policies, but most of the time, only one is necessary. The monetary policy is the act of regulating the money supply by the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, currently headed by Alan Greenspan. One of the main responsibilities of the Federal Reserve System is to regulate the money supply so as to keep production, prices, and employment stable. The â€Å"Fed† has three tools to manipulate the money supply. They are the reserve requirement, open market operations, and the discount rate. The most powerful tool available is the reserve requirement. The reserve requirement is the percentage of money that the bank is not allowed to loan out. If it is lowered, banks are required to keep less money, and so more money is put out into circulation (theoretically). If it is raised, then banks may have to collect on some loans to meet the new reserve requirement. The tool known as open market operations influences money and credit operations by buying and selling of government securities on the open market. This is used to control overall money supply. If the Fed believes there is not enough money in circulation, then they will buy the securities from member banks. If the Fed believes there is too much money in the economy, they will sell the

Willy Loman as Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death Salesman essays

Willy Loman as Tragic Hero in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman    The business world of today isn't all `peaches and cream'. The harsh reality of the business world is people are mostly interested in one thing, money. This reoccurring trait we have seen has plagued the business world for a millennia. As seen in the play Death of a Salesman, Willy Loman, the main-character, falls victim to this evil trait. Willy always a hard-worker was fired for his lack of profit for the company he worked for. The injustices dealt to people everyday in the business world can be seen through the experiences of Willy Loman. The business world has no room for compassion, specifically for the individual. Most companies cut loose those members of their community whom hurt their profits however what about those who do neither? Howard, the boss of Willy, fires Willy on the basis that he isn't being productive. Willy having worked for the company 34 years had gone from making a salary to working for commission. This slump of Willy's is due to the exhaustion of his job on the road. At the age of 63 Willy would have to get up at 3 in the morning, and drive hundreds of miles to places such as Florida from his home in Manhattan to try to make a sale. However, more often then not he wouldn't make one. Howard knew that the road job for Willy was very tiring as shown when he put Willy on commission. However, when Willy went in to see Howard about getting a desk job, Willy was met with disrespect and greed. Howard's explanation to his reason is .".. you gotta admit, business is business." (Act II 60) This quote shows clearly that because Willy wasn't producing anything he was of no worth to the company. However, we know that Howard has the means by which to employee Willy through his references such has having a maid and his recent purchase of the tape recorder. Howard's greed leads him to ignore the fact that Willy has worked for this company for 34 years and has never asked for a favor before. Thus the individual, Willy, was shown no compassion because of Howard's greed and was fired because of it.

An Education Lasts a Lifetime

Education is a key element in developing the skills necessary for a successful life. Too often students are more involved earning a paycheck than spending time on their academic studies. Students need to realize that their highschool classes will prepare them for a brighter future. A highschool student’s time is very limited. Homework and extra curricular activities are time consuming and if a student adds a job into this busy schedule, less time is devoted to their academic studies. The effects of this could be recieving lower grades or not taking challenging courses. A job would also limit the amount of time a teenager has for social activities and sports, thereby causing a withdrawal from friends and the highschool community. The job environment is not always beneficial to the student. In most cases the wages are low and the hours are long. Sometimes employers can be very demanding and schedules are not flexible. The skills being used may not be beneficial in furthering their career, and they might become comfortable with the paycheck and not strive to reach their full potential. Money is the root of many problems associated with teenagers. A paycheck gives a student the power to purchase many commodities including cars, clothing and electronics. They may also be exposed to drugs and alcohol. Students are being introduced to a new environment and the challenge of managing their money comes into play. Teenagers already have enough pressures and stress in their lives and they may find it difficult to juggle academics along with their work schedule. High school is a time of growth both mentally and physically. Students should focus their attention on their studies so they can one day achieve their dreams.

Whats Medicaid And Medicare Reimbursement Health And Social Care Essay

What is Medicaid and Medicare reimbursement. In this paper you will see a glance of funding issues each province has when working with reimbursement issues. The Medicaid plan administered by single provinces but besides involves federal support and is the beginning of medical coverage for low income patients. In Georgia the population wellness direction plan was implemented to measure growing in wellness attention outgos. A non-experimental attack was used to analyse claims informations from Georgia Medicaid for all plan eligible individuals for each relevant clip period ( purpose to handle footing ) . The economic impact of reimbursement is outstanding in mention to existent cost and Medicaid cost tendencies.Introduction:Medicaid disbursement represents 15 per centum of all US wellness attention disbursement. In financial twelvemonth 2007, national Medicaid plan outgos were $ 332.2 billion, with 43 per centum ( $ 142.6 billion ) borne by provinces. Entire Medicaid plan outgos are projected to increase $ 673.7 billion by 2017 at the rate of 7.9 per centum Pr twelvemonth ( Truffer, CJ, 2010 ) . Medicaid disbursement ranks 2nd among all costs in many province budgets, accounting for 17 per centum of province budgets on norm ( Wildason DE. 2010 ) . Since the state is confronting terrible budget shortages and the growing of Medicaid disbursement is increasing many provinces have adopted cost salvaging such as decreases in supplier payments, coverage and has increased cost sharing with the enrollees. Some provinces have get downing carry oning analyzes to foretell outsourcing Medicaid reimbursement to managed attention organisations ( MCOs ) , negot8iating a planetary rate per member per month ( PMPM ) . One scheme used which is increasing is the aiming of high-cost chronically ailment or handicapped subset of the Medicaid population as execution of a disease direction ( DM ) plan to better wellness results while incorporating cost ( Flowers, L, 2010 ) . The public presentation indexs of the DM plans typically include: ( 1 ) Overall cost nest eggs ( normally based on the sum spent PMPM as compared to some baseline tendency ) ( 2 ) Component cost nest eggs ( decreases in exigency room visits or hospital admittances, as compared to the baseline and ( 3 ) Tax return to investing ( which accounts for plan costs every bit good as medical nest eggs ) . However, grounds of the effectivity of these plans within either Medicare or Medicaid populations is assorted ( Gillespie JL, 2003and Bott, DM, 2009 ) . Although DM plans target persons with specific diseases, surveies of more planetary population wellness direction ( PHM ) plans aiming clinically and socially complex disabled section of Medicaid populations are thin.MethodThe Georgia Department of Community Health contracts with 2 private sector DM sellers to organize and present population wellness outcomes direction services, the plans service the aged, blind, and handicapped population in different parts of the province. This survey focuses on the plan covering Atlanta and North Georgia. Sevenn diseases were targeted for direction ( asthma, chronic clogging pneumonic disease, congestive bosom failure, coronary arteria arteria disease, diabetes, haemophilia, and schizophrenic disorder ) , the plan result and fiscal inducements are tied to overall cost and quality results for all eligible enrollees, irrespective of disease or comorbidity. Georgia paid the North Georgia vendor a $ 13.94 PMPM capitation payment. Medicaid members enrolled in the plans received a wide array of attention services, a 24/7 nurse advice line, educational services, and member/provider analysis utilizing use and claims informations. The nucleus of the intercession squad is the registered nurse â€Å" wellness manager, † but the squad besides includes societal workers, druggists, mental wellness professions, and supplier engagement staff. Georgia ‘s proposed Balancing Incentives Program will be used to further spread out the usage of community-based long term attention services through the followers: aˆ? Expand the figure of slots in Georgia ‘s five 1915 ( degree Celsius ) Medicaid Waiver Programs aˆ? Provide an addition in reimbursement for paediatric place wellness services, thereby increasing entree to home-based, station ague services and cut down yearss spent in the infirmary aˆ? Fund three new community-based services for Medicaid receivers with serious and relentless behavioural wellness demands. The services have been proposed through State Plan Amendment. aˆ? Expand intensive community-based services to youth with serious emotional perturbations and their households. aˆ? Expand the Georgia Pediatric Program ‘s Medically-fragile Day Care service through slot enlargement and age enlargement. aˆ? Adopt Georgia ‘s 12 Aging and Disability Resource Centers as the primary point of entry for place and community services aˆ? Provide web-based preparation on community-based long term attention services available to targeted referral beginnings. The proposed budget for Georgia ‘s Balancing Incentives Program is $ 19,086,355 per twelvemonth, or a sum of $ 57,259,065 over a three-year period. Activities will get down instantly upon presentment of an award with development of statewide developing toward a no-wrong-door point of entry attack, with a focal point of entry through the Aging and Disability Resource Centers. The first five slug points above are designed to significantly spread out the usage of place and community services, cut downing the hazard of institutional attention for several diverse populations necessitating long term attention.Georgia ‘s Balancing Incentive ProgramUnderstanding of Balancing Incentives Program Aims: Since 2008 Georgia has participated in the Money Follows the Person Demonstration Grant, set uping a statewide system of passage coordination to help occupants of establishments in safely returning to their places and communities. In 2007 the State ‘s Medicaid expenditures for place and community based services ( HCBS ) comprised 30.7 per centum of entire long term attention dollars spent yearly. Georgia ‘s Money Follows the Person ( MFP ) Program has successfully transitioned 737 persons from skilled nursing and intermediate attention installations into community abodes and helped spread out the usage of community services, rebalancing the long term attention expenditures for HCBS to 40.9 % by 2010. One facet of the long term support and service system that Georgia has non yet been able to accomplish is a individual point of entry for all community-based services and plans. Entry into Georgia ‘s long term attention plans remains slightly disconnected with many poin ts of entry, some easier to happen than others. Progress toward a no-wrong-door attack was achieved in 2011 when Georgia funded a service, options guidance, provided through an interagency understanding with the State Unit on Aging. Today options guidance is provided through the Aging and Disabilities Resource Centers in all twelve regional Area Agency on Aging in Georgia, supplying direct face-to-face aid to any nursing place or ICF occupant to find available resources and services necessary to ease a successful, sustainable passage. Options Counselors provide the first contact with persons identified for inclusion in the Money Follows the Person Program and serve as a referral point for nursing installation staff as nursing place occupants self-identify for community passage through usage of the Minimum Data Set ‘s Section Q. Further, Options Counselors provide passage aid regardless of purpose to take part in the MFP Program, type of service demand, age or income degree. Despite this work, Georgia still operates several p oints of entry into LTSS, typically determined by population, disablement or type of service required.Current System ‘s Strengths and Challenges:As described above, Georgia ‘s Aging and Disability Resource Centers are more widely recognized by the populace, supplier community and the medical attention system than they were merely a few old ages ago because of outreach attempts by the AAAs, the State Unit on Aging, the State Medicaid Agency and the State ‘s Developmental Disability Agency. Part of the community acknowledgment stems from a big resource database maintained by the ADRCs that presently houses over 24,000 service resources for older grownups, grownups with disablements and persons with developmental disablements. This electronically-maintained resource database relies on parts that are regionally added and maintained by the AAAs. Each part employs information system staff who develop, update and keep the database. Therefore, all information is continually checked for contact truth and any needful alterations to the services offered. One challenge of the system is its labour-intensive theoretical account, utilizing information staff to look into and update resources. BIP Program support is exp ected to supply extra resources for the enlargement of the bing Resource Database targeted toward services specific to populations non antecedently targeted. Another strength of Georgia ‘s LTSS is its traditional usage of conflict-free instance direction. In three of the five release plans a demand of instance direction registration is the absence of association with a service bureau, an association that could function as a focussed referral point for LTSS. Georgia plans to develop construction for struggle free instance direction for the other two release plans and the other plans included in the Undertaking: community mental wellness services provided through the rehabilitation option and the Georgia Pediatric Program in-home nursing service. Since neither has included a conflict-free instance direction service in the yesteryear, this is expected to show a development challenge.Outreach and Ad:Outreach to populations in demand of long term attention has been a long clip chal lenge in Georgia. Georgia ‘s Money Follows the Person Program uses the undermentioned attacks to make out to persons in demand: aˆ? Printed stuffs such as circulars and booklets aˆ? Outreach to aim audiences: referral beginnings such as infirmaries and doctors, nursing installation staff ; older grownup groups, and protagonism organisations aˆ? Education through web sites Funding Plan: Georgia will go on to bespeak province support to fit federal Medicaid financess in order to spread out place and community services through the Balancing Incentive Plan. For more specific information on support, delight refer to the Budget Narrative contained in a separate papers.Challenges:One important challenge in Georgia will be the multiple electronic information systems built to suit points of entry. Over clip organisations in Georgia have independently developed population-specific or program-specific points of entry every bit good as electronic clinical record systems. These systems have evolved over decennaries affecting important province, non-profit-making and private resources. In some plans, there are no bing electronic record-keeping systems. To extenuate this challenge, the ADRCs began working with assorted entry points for developmental disablement services and over clip have expanded the ADRC staff expertness and resource database to include this population. Through its MFP Program Georgia has begun researching engineering options that could supply a platform for transportation of information from multiple electronic recordkeeping systems.Other Balancing Enterprises:As noted antecedently, Georgia was one of the first provinces to be awarded a Money Follows the Person Grant by CMS. Additionally, Georgia is runing one of the presentation releases for kids with terrible emotional upsets to avoid the usage of psychiatric residential intervention installations whenever possible. Technical Aid: Expectations for petitions for proficient aid autumn in the countries of: 1 ) Adopting a standardised, validated paediatric appraisal tool for kids at hazard of hospitalization or institutional long term attention because of delicate medical conditions 2 ) Researching an information engineering platform to ease the transportation of informations electronically for intents of functional and fiscal eligibility for long term attention. Long Term Supports and Services Expansion/Access to Service The followers is a description of the countries of Georgia ‘s Medicaid HCBS plans that will be expanded in assorted ways to supply extra services, serve extra Georgians, or heighten entree to services. aˆ? Expand the figure of slots in Georgia ‘s five 1915 ( degree Celsius ) Medicaid Waiver Programs. The enhanced federal lucifer available through the Balancing Incentive Program will increase admittances to the Elderly and Disabled Waiver Program, the Georgia Pediatric Waiver Program for medically delicate kids, the two Waiver Programs for people with developmental disablements, and the Waiver Program for immature grownups with terrible physical disablements. aˆ? Provide an addition in reimbursement for paediatric place wellness services, thereby increasing entree to home-based, station ague services and cut downing yearss spent in the infirmary. Georgia ‘s place wellness attention rates for station ague skilled services presently offer no derived function in rates for grownup attention and the attention of kids. Home wellness suppliers report a deficit of paediatric nurses, physical and occupational healers available to supply the attention ; therefore, worker deficit consequences in higher costs. In add-on to the higher cost of attention related to the labour market, paediatric place wellness attention is non provided every bit often as that for grownups with greater geographic distances involved in attention proviso. aˆ? Fund three new community-based services for Medicaid receivers with serious and relentless behavioural wellness demands. The services are being reviewed at this clip through State Plan Amendment. If approved by CMS, the new services will offer instance direction, rehabilitation-targeted employment services, and community life supports to persons with serious and relentless mental unwellness. BIP financess will besides be used to spread out Assertive Community Treatment and a rural theoretical account of Assertive Community Treatment for non-urban countries of Georgia. aˆ? Expand the Georgia Pediatric Program ‘s Medically-fragile Day Care service through slot enlargement and age enlargement. Georgia ‘s Pediatric Waiver plan offers medically-fragile twenty-four hours attention to kids who qualify through medical necessity finding. At this clip, Program eligibility is limited to kids age five or younger. There is a demand to spread out the age eligibility limitations, supplying after school attention for medically delicate kids who attend school but need after school attention. Budget Items to Support Balancing Incentive Program Requirements: The followers is a description of the programs for conformity with the demands of the Balancing Incentive Program and the budget deductions with budget projections if known. aˆ? Adopt Georgia ‘s 12 Aging and Disability Resource Centers as the primary point of entry for place and community services: Facilitate the add-on of services and resources specific to populations non presently included in the 24,000-service database. This enlargement of the ADRC resource database is expected to necessitate an increased figure of ADRC staff or may necessitate contracts with other points of entry for cross referral and coordination of resources. aˆ? Provide web-based preparation on community-based long term attention services available to targeted referral beginnings: Will necessitate that the Medicaid Agency purchase or subscribe to a web-based preparation bundle to suit 150 – 200 participants in on-line preparation Sessionss for the intent of cross-referral and communicating between points of entree. aˆ? Develop an outreach program and stuffs in order to raise consciousness of Georgians about the handiness of options to institutional attention. A preliminary Communication Plan includes media releases and articles, booklet and posting printing, societal media posters, and website hosting. The budget for communications is projected to be $ 150,000. aˆ? Development or purchase of an information engineering system designed to ease communicating between assorted province bureaus and other points of participant entree and eligibility finding. The State Medicaid Agency is researching the usage of the eligibility system scheduled for execution in 2014 as the platform through which approved spouses will portion demographic, fiscal and functional information for the intent of eligibility finding. An extra map of the system is that of informations sharing during cross-referral to avoid applicant confusion and facilitate admittance to service without duplicate of informations aggregation.

How does culture and environment affect institutions and their management

How does culture and environment affect institutions and their management? Define the Problem: What went wrong during Ms. Myers tenure from your point of view? Ms. Myers was a smart individual that got caught up in the hype of a new and promising job. Like many people these days the sound of an executive position is tempting and wanted by many, however most do not have the skills or the knowledge needed to survive and be a part of that new environment. It is great to want to invent the wheel again, but it's not great to step on toes while trying be Inventive. Ms. Myers started out good but failed in what her objective was.When Linda Myers accepted a human resources position at SK Telecom in South Korea, she thought it was the opportunity she'd long been working toward. Not only would she break ground as one of the first American female executives at a Korean company, she would also lead an initiative to make the organization more global. For someone who'd spent years consulting on ex patriate transitions, this seemed like a dream job. † Green 2011. If she had made a few changes, her objective would have been achieved, making a stand for women around the world and getting a foot hold for Asian women In Korea.Analyze the Cause: Explain the problem Ms. Myers Is encountering using Hofstede's five dimensions of culture to compare Korean and American assumptions about interpersonal relationships and management. 1. Power/Distance (PD) – This refers to the degree of inequality that exists – and is accepted – among people with and without power. On the ground in Seoul, Myers quickly realized Just how far she was from her native Baltimore. One early shock was the homogeneity of not only her offce but also the city: Government estimates indicate that foreigners account for 2. % of the population. That's compared with Just over 18% for Singapore and 27% for New York and London, according to the Migration Policy Institute. (Green) Because Mrs. Myer s was used to being in the states and was not acclimated to the Asian environment, she felt that she was far from comfort. Also, early on, she asked employees to dispense with calling her â€Å"Sang Mu Linda,† her title at the company, and to use Linda, the norm In a u. s. company, to create a less formal environment. â€Å"But by removing the label, I plummeted in their eyes,† she recalls.What she regarded as a â€Å"participative leadership style† looked wishy-washy to the people at SK. (Green) Power an be seen as a position that you have gained by promotion. Because she was already in a position of management, she had the power over many people. How she used that power was her downfall. In the Korean environment she was the â€Å"Sang Mu† which was a management position. Once she tried to associate with the workers as equals sne Tell Trom tnat role In tne eyes 0T tne workers. 2. Individualism (IDV) – The degree to which individuals are integrate d into groups†.In individualistic societies, the stress is put on personal achievements and individual rights. People are expected to stand up for themselves and their immediate family, nd to choose their own affiliations. In contrast, in collectivist societies, individuals act predominantly as members of a lifelong and cohesive group or organization. People have large extended families, which are used as a protection in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. 3. Masculinity (MAS) – This refers to how much a society sticks with, and values, traditional male and female roles. Myers was constantly aware of being female.Aside from secretaries, she was almost always the only woman in the room. She was also unprepared for the company's rigid hierarchy. But as Myers saw it, â€Å"there were asically four levels: VP, director, manager, and worker bee. You only talked to people at your level. † (Green) Not all societies have equalized the field of female and male relationshi ps. In the Asian cultures the roles of male being dominate and Females are the lesser of human social role. 4. Uncertainty/Avoidance Index (IJAI) – This relates to the degree of anxiety society members feel when in uncertain or unknown situations.Her lack of Korean turned out to be a vexing problem. She recalls having to ask for an interpreter at her first meetings at SK. And even with an assistant and colleagues who spoke English, she ound it difficult to get the information she needed. â€Å"Asking questions was the only way I knew to learn,† she explains. â€Å"But it was not always productive. † As she saw it, even diplomatic inquiries could be construed as confrontational and critical. (Green) When the Higher CEOs and upper management felt that they were being stepped on by her way management they started to ostersize her and shield her from information 5.Long Term Orientation (L TO) ) – This refers to how much society values long- standing – as opposed to short term – traditions and values. Propose a Solution: Five key issues . Creating a climate for change In terms of creating a climate for change, culture is only effective if it is applied to the relevant area needing change or is tied to some organizational issue. 2. Employee engagement and empowerment Employee engagement and empowerment is crucial to ensure that the culture is effectively managed and aligned with the cultural assumptions of the organization as a wnole. 3.Team orientation Team work is a common feature in most organizations, in terms of crossing existing barriers and as a useful means of promoting and disseminating new cultural traits. In terms of individual and organizational development, teams are seen as a way of investing in talent development. 4. Tracking cultural change Tracking cultural change is important in terms of assessing whether the culture has become misaligned in terms of subgroup cultures' practices, or whether there are issues or challenges to be addressed which could undermine the cultural ethos and underlying assumptions of the organization. . Training, rewards and recognition Training in terms of culture awareness is viewed differently in various organizations. Culture is an aspect of general management training in some organizations. In other rganizations, it is deemed appropriate to learn from leaders and managers about the prevalent cultural norms and assumptions. Rewards and recognition is given when individuals or teams step outside the box and rise above the norm. It is an acknowledgment that there has been a significant change and/or a new operating standard has been started.From reviewing Green's fictional case study, (Green, 2011), the author acknowledges some good points for consideration when one has to determine how much a culture and environment will affect institutions and their management. In this review, Green explores the challenges faced by Ms. Linda Myers when she accepted a Job as a VP in a Seoul, South Korea with SK Telecom. Ms. Myers had what seemed to be all of the right credentials on paper that would make her the ideal candidate for a foreign assignment, except one, she was female.Although she had realized that later, being a female would be overbearing for her and she was not able to hang-on to the position due to many cultural factors, discussed earlier. (Green, 2011). When analyzing this case in depth and reviewing the entire tenure of Ms. Myers time with SK Telecom in Seoul, important issues surfaced, which caused this Job scenario to go erribly wrong for Ms. Myers. Concluding remarks This understanding in relation to effectively managing culture in public sector organizations and also to provide lessons from initiatives implemented to date in both the public and private sectors.The importance of managing and manipulating culture in public sector organizations cannot be misjudged in terms of its impact on the innovation outline. Developing appropriat e measures to address cultural issues in organizations in terms of increasing structural capability and performance is an important issue that should be addressed unilaterally. While the implications of such pproaches are wide-ranging, fundamentally the key to effective culture management Is leaaersnlp.Leaaersnlp must De commlttea to managing culture In terms of developing and sustaining organizational performance, while managers throughout the organization are responsible for its effective development. There is much that remains to be done to address the gap between the influence of cultural issues and the approaches adopted by managers, approaches which are elementary in many public sector organizations. The organizations provide useful examples of how organizations can effectively manage organization culture as an integral part of oth corporate strategies and organizational change measures to enhance performance and innovation.This case study contributes to the awareness and unde rstanding of culture management in public sector organizations. One of the first clues that things were going wrong in South Korea was that Ms. Myers should have realized occurred long before her accepting the Job in South Korea and she choose to ignore it. That clue being the preliminary assumption by the agency sent to recruit a VP that she was male, not female, as mentioned earlier. The second red flag that should have been raised by Ms.https://www.coursehero.com/file/16308917/MGT-501-CA1docx/http://www.freedownloadmanager.org/download.htmhttps://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_66.htmhttps://ru.scribd.com/doc/19082366/Historical-Background-of-Environmental-Educationhttp://www.nacada.ksu.edu/Resources/Clearinghouse/View-Articles/Values-and-culture-in-ethical-decision-making.aspx How does Culture and Environment Affect Institutions and Their Management? Define the Problem: What went wrong during Ms. Myers tenure from your point of view? Ms. Myers was a smart individual that got caught up in the hype of a new and promising job. Like many people these days the sound of an executive position is tempting and wanted by many, however most do not have the skills or the knowledge needed to survive and be a part of that new environment. It is great to want to invent the wheel again, but it’s not great to step on toes while trying be inventive.Ms. Myers started out good but failed in what her objective was. â€Å"When Linda Myers accepted a human resources position at SK Telecom in South Korea, she thought it was the opportunity she'd long been working toward. Not only would she break ground as one of the first American female executives at a Korean company, she would also lead an initiative to make the organization more global. For someone who'd spent years consulting on expatriate transitions, this seemed like a dream job.† Gr een 2011. If she had made a few changes, her objective would have been achieved, making a stand for women around the world and getting a foot hold for Asian women in Korea.Analyze the Cause: Explain the problem Ms. Myers is encountering using Hofstede's five dimensions of culture to compare Korean and American assumptions about interpersonal relationships and management.1. Power/Distance (PD) – This refers to the degree of inequality that exists – and is accepted – among people with and without power. On the ground in Seoul, Myers quickly realized just how far she was from her native Baltimore. One early shock was the homogeneity of not only her office but also the city: Government estimates indicate that foreigners account for 2.4% of the population.That’s compared with just over 18% for Singapore and 27% for New York and London, according to the Migration Policy Institute. (Green) Because Mrs. Myers was used to being in the states and was not acclimated to the Asian environment, she felt that she was far from comfort. Also, early on, she asked employees to dispense with calling her â€Å"Sang Mu Linda,† her title at  the company, and to use Linda, the norm in a U.S. company, to create a less formal environment.â€Å"But by removing the label, I plummeted in their eyes,† she recalls. What she regarded as a â€Å"participative leadership style† looked wishy-washy to the people at SK. (Green) Power can be seen as a position that you have gained by promotion. Because she was already in a position of management, she had the power over many people. How she used that power was her downfall. In the Korean environment she was the â€Å"Sang Mu† which was a management position. Once she tried to associate with the workers as equals she fell from that role in the eyes of the workers.2. Individualism (IDV) – The degree to which individuals are integrated into groups†. In individualistic societies, th e stress is put on personal achievements and individual rights. People are expected to stand up for themselves and their immediate family, and to choose their own affiliations. In contrast, in collectivist societies, individuals act predominantly as members of a lifelong and cohesive group or organization. People have large extended families, which are used as a protection in exchange for unquestioning loyalty.3. Masculinity (MAS) – This refers to how much a society sticks with, and values, traditional male and female roles. Myers was constantly aware of being female. Aside from secretaries, she was almost always the only woman in the room. She was also unprepared for the company’s rigid hierarchy. But as Myers saw it, â€Å"there were basically four levels: VP, director, manager, and worker bee. You only talked to people at your level.† (Green) Not all societies have equalized the field of female and male relationships. In the Asian cultures the roles of male b eing dominate and Females are the lesser of human social role.4. Uncertainty/Avoidance Index (UAI) – This relates to the degree of anxiety society members feel when in uncertain or unknown situations. Her lack of Korean turned out to be a vexing problem. She recalls having to ask for an interpreter at her first meetings at SK. And even with an assistant and colleagues who spoke English, she found it difficult to get the information she needed. â€Å"Asking questions was the only way I knew to learn,† she  explains. â€Å"But it was not always productive.† As she saw it, even diplomatic inquiries could be construed as confrontational and critical. (Green) When the Higher CEOs and upper management felt that they were being stepped on by her way management they started to ostersize her and shield her from information5. Long Term Orientation (LTO) ) – This refers to how much society values long-standing – as opposed to short term – traditions and values.Propose a Solution: Five key issues 1. Creating a climate for change In terms of creating a climate for change, culture is only effective if it is applied to the relevant area needing change or is tied to some organizational issue.2. Employee engagement and empowerment Employee engagement and empowerment is crucial to ensure that the culture is effectively managed and aligned with the cultural assumptions of the organization as a whole.3. Team orientation Team work is a common feature in most organizations, in terms of crossing existing barriers and as a useful means of promoting and disseminating new cultural traits. In terms of individual and organizational development, teams are seen as a way of investing in talent development.4. Tracking cultural change Tracking cultural change is important in terms of assessing whether the culture has become misaligned in terms of subgroup cultures’ practices, or whether there are issues or challenges to be addressed which cou ld undermine the cultural ethos and underlying assumptions of the organization.5. Training, rewards and recognition Training in terms of culture awareness is viewed differently in various organizations. Culture is an aspect of general management training in some organizations. In other organizations, it is deemed appropriate to learn from leaders and managers about the prevalent cultural norms and assumptions. Rewards and recognition is given when individuals or teams step outside the box and rise above the norm. It is an acknowledgment that there has been a significant change and/or a new operating standard has been started.From reviewing Green’s fictional case study, (Green, 2011), the author acknowledges some good points for consideration when one has to determine how much a culture and environment will affect institutions and their management. In this review, Green explores the challenges faced by Ms. Linda Myers when she accepted a job as a VP in a Seoul, South Korea wit h SK Telecom.Ms. Myers had what seemed to be all of the right credentials on paper that would make her the ideal candidate for a foreign assignment, except one, she was female. Although she had realized that later, being a female would be overbearing for her and she was not able to hang-on to the position due to many cultural factors, discussed earlier. (Green, 2011). When analyzing this case in depth and reviewing the entire tenure of Ms. Myers time with SK Telecom in Seoul, important issues surfaced, which caused this job scenario to go terribly wrong for Ms. Myers.Concluding remarks This understanding in relation to effectively managing culture in public sector organizations and also to provide lessons from initiatives implemented to date in both the public and private sectors. The importance of managing and manipulating culture in public sector organizations cannot be misjudged in terms of its impact on the innovation outline. Developing appropriate measures to address cultural issues in organizations in terms of increasing structural capability and performance is an important issue that should be addressed unilaterally. While the implications of such approaches are wide-ranging, fundamentally the key to effective culture management is leadership.Leadership must be committed to managing culture in terms of developing and sustaining organizational performance, while managers throughout the organization are responsible for its effective development. There is much that remains to be done to address the gap between the influence of cultural issues and the approaches adopted by managers, approaches which are elementary in many public sector organizations. The organizations provide useful examples of how organizations can effectively manage organization culture as an integral part of both corporate strategies and organizational change measures to enhance performance and innovation. This case study contributes to the awareness and understanding of culture managem ent in public sector organizations.One of the first clues that things were going wrong in South Korea was that Ms. Myers should have realized occurred long before her accepting the job in South Korea and she choose to ignore it. That clue being the preliminary assumption by the agency sent to recruit a VP that she was male, not female, as mentioned earlier. The second red flag that should have been raised by Ms. Myers occurred when she contacted the Society of Human Resources and asked them to put her into contact with a female executive who had worked in South Korea to help her prepare for her assignment. The basis of ethical or moral decision-making involves choice and balance; it is a guide to discard bad choices in favor of good ones.